Biochemistry and Macromolecules
Cell Structure and Enzymes
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Cell Division and Genetics
Replication, Protein Synthesis and Biotechnology
100
What 4 elements make up 96% of living matter?
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
100
What part of the cell does the fluid mosaic model show? How is it fluid and mosaic?
cell membrane-fluid because it is constantly moving, mosaic because there are many parts-phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins, cholesterol, etc.
100
What are the 3 steps of aerobic cellular respiration in order?
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
100
If a cell has 24 chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis, how many will it have at the end of meiosis?
12
100
How is replication semi-conservative?
The two new strands of DNA that are formed each have half of the DNA strand from the original DNA (one old strand and one old one)
200
Give two examples of carbohydrates.
glucose, sucrose, fructose, etc., starch, glycogen, cellulose
200
What is the molecule to which an enzyme joins called?
substrate
200
Which step of respiration produces the most ATP?
electron transport chain
200
Name 3 sources of genetic variation (besides mutations).
independent assortment, crossing over, random fertilization
200
What happens during transcription?
mRNA is made from a template strand of DNA
300
List 2 ways that lipids are important to living systems.
insulation, energy storage, hormones, part of cell membranes, etc.
300
How do enzymes speed up biochemical reactions? Be specific!
by lowering the activation energy
300
What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide + water + light energy = glucose + oxygen
300
The expression of both alleles for a trait in a heterozygous individual is what type of inheritance?
codominance
300
What happens during translation?
a polypeptide chain is made from the mRNA
400
What is the monomer for proteins and what bonds hold them together?
amino acids-peptide bonds
400
What is a catalyst?
a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction but is itself unchanged by the reaction
400
Why would a cell/organism undergo fermentation, which produces far fewer ATPs?
it is anaerobic and can occur when there is no/low oxygen
400
What is epistasis?
when one trait is controlled/affected by more than one gene i.e. coat color in labs
400
What is a restriction enzyme?
they are enzymes naturally found in bacteria that can be used to cut DNA at specific sequences
500
What is the monomer of nucleic acids and what are the 3 parts that make up that monomer?
nucleotides-phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), and a nitrogen base (C, G, A, T or U)
500
Which of the following is present in a prokaryote cell? mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi body, vacuole
ribosomes
500
Where in the cell/what part of the organelle do each of these processes occur? light dependent reactions, Calvin cycle, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
light dependent-thylakoid of chloroplast light independent (calvin cycle)-stroma of chloroplast glycolysis-cytoplasm Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)-matrix of mitochondria ETC- cristae of mitochondria
500
Why are sex-linked traits far more common in males than females?
sex-linked traits are located on the X chromosome the vast majority of the time, males only have one X chromosome, so they only need to have one allele to get the trait
500
What is gel electrophoresis?
Using electricity to separate DNA fragments by size as they move through a gel matrix
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