Fermentation
Where does fermentation occur?
In the cytoplasm.
What is photorespiration?
Occurs when a plant is in hotter drier conditions, the plant closes its stomata to slow water loss, is CO2 is released and O2 accumulates. It is considered a wasteful process.
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasm
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
In the mitochondrial matrix
Where is the ETC?
In the cristae of the mitochondria
What type of respiration is fermentation?
Anaerobic respiration.
What is another name for the C3 pathway?
The Calvin Cycle
What is glycolysis main goal?
To break down glucose into 2 pyruvate
What are the two electron carriers involved in the Krebs cycle?
NADH and FADH2
What is the final electron acceptor of the ETC?
Oxygen
Pyruvic acid + NADH -> Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
What are C4 plants?
Plants adapted to hotter, drier conditions and initially attach CO2 to PEP by way of the enzyme PEP carboxylase in mesophyll cells to form OAA.
What are the two phases of glycolysis?
The investment and payoff phases
How is Citric Acid made?
CoA (2C) and OAA (4C) combine in the cycle to make citric acid (6C)
How much ATP is yielded in ETC?
28 ATP
What is the equation for lactic acid fermentation?
pyruvic acid + NADH -> lactic acid + NADH
What is the first stable intermediate for C3 and C4 pathways?
PGA and OAA
What are the products of glycolysis?
Four ATPS (or +2 net gain ATP)
2 pyruvate
How much ATP is produced?
1 ATP
What are the steps to ETC chemiosmosis?
- electrons are passed from protein to protein and gives off energy (cytochrome), and creates proton gradients by isolating H+ in the intermembrane space
- uses the flow of H+ through ATP synthase to assemble ATP
- with oxygen acting as a final electron acceptor
- this splits and combines with H+ to form water
- this flow of protons then drives ATP synthase converting ADP -> ATP
Why does lactic acid fermentation occur?
Due to a lack of oxygen
Describe CAM plants
Plants adapted to hotter, drier conditions and open their stomata at night only and store CO2 as organic acids. This also prevents water loss.
How does glycolysis transition from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix (to the Citric Acid cycle)?
The two pyruvate is transported to the mitochondrial matrix where CO2 and H+ are removed, and H+ is added to NAD+ reducing it to NADH, forming acetate (acetic acid). Then coenzyme A is attached to the acetate and forms acetyl CoA.
What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 2 CO2
What are the steps to ETC?
- NADH donates to complex 1, with electrons from NADH transferring to complex 1
- FADH2 transfers to complex 2
- Both complexes pass e- to CoQ which shuttles electrons to complex 3
- Complex 3 leads to the mitochondrial matrix, which interacts with oxygen and hydrogen protons to form water