Unit 1: The Chemistry of Life
These are the monomers of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA.
What are nucleotides?
Molecules only diffuse through the semipermeable membrane of the cell if they have these two properties.
What are small and nonpolar?
What is the activation energy?
Any molecule (hormone, chemical messenger, signal, etc.) that binds to a receptor protein may be called this.
What is a ligand?
In most biological molecules, the structure of the molecule often determines this.
What is the function?
What are Hydrogen Bonds?
In order for cells to efficiently exchange materials with their surrounding, they contain highly folded membranes that increase this in the cell.
What are surface area to volume ratios?
Dramatic decreases in the amount of available oxygen in the atmosphere often indicates the presence of a large population of organisms completing this process.
What is cellular respiration?
The S phase of the cell cycle is responsible for doubling the amount of DNA in a cell, while the M phase is responsible for doing this to it.
What is cutting it in half?
Cells typically enter mitosis to compete one of these to functions.
What are growth and repair?
Polymers are broken apart using this this process, which involves the addition of water to break the covalent bonds.
What is hydrolysis?
In areas of cells with high concentration of non-permeable solutes, differences in free water potential cause water to do this.
What is diffuse into the cell?
The glucose precursor created during the Calvin Cycle is synthesized using a pathway that adds CO2 gas from the atmosphere to sugars using the enzyme rubisco, a process called this.
What is carbon fixation?
Protein hormones often elicit a cellular response by binding to surface proteins and stimulating the activation of proteins that release second messengers, such as this one.
What is Cyclic AMP (cAMP)?
When a polypeptide is folded in a watery environment, amino acids with this property always orient themselves on the outside of the protein.
What are hydrophillic?
Altering the pH, temperature or salinity of an enzyme may change its structure and in turn its function due to the differences in the characteristics and interactions of these.
What are the R groups?
Lysosomes play a role in intracellular digestion as well as well as apoptosis due to their containing these.
What are hydrolytic enzymes?
The functioning of ATP synthase in the inner membrane of the mitochondria is determined by the generation of an H+ concentration gradient. A gradient that is generated by this.
What is the electron transport chain?
Regulation of the glycolytic pathway in cells is often completed by this process, such as when the function of phosphofructokinase (PFK) is allosterically inhibited by a high concentration of ATP.
What is negative feedback?
A decrease of the pH in a solution is directly correlated with an increase in the concentration of these.
What are hydrogen ions (H+)?
Lipids differ from the other 3 classes of macromolecules in that they have this property, such as in the tails of phospholipids.
What is nonpolar?
The rough and smooth ER are similarly folded membranes. The rough ER is studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis, while the smooth ER's function is to detoxify and synthesize these.
What are lipids?
Regulation of an enzyme's function by the binding of ligands (such as activators or inhibitors) at a site location other than the active site of the enzyme is known as this.
What is allosteric regulation?
Cancer cells may proliferate uncontrollably and form tumors due to the fact that they do not respond to apoptotic signals or density-dependent factors. They may also divide uncontrollably because they proceed through the cell cycle even in the absence of these.
What are growth factors?
Both the moderna and pfizer vaccines are RNA vaccines that work by depositing a strand of viral RNA into the cell and using cellular mechanisms to synthesize the spike protein found on the membrane of the SARS CoV-2 virus. This spike protein is most likely synthesized here.
Where is a bound ribosome?