Chemistry of Life
Cell Energetics
Gene Expression & Regulation
Cell Signaling
Cell Cycle
100
What are the two monomers of lipids?
Fatty acids and glycerol
100
Name the processes - in order - of cellular respiration.
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation
+50 points if the Link Reaction is mentioned
100
Name one structural difference between DNA and RNA.
strandedness, nucleotides, sugar
100
What are the three parts of signal transduction?
Signal, transduction/amplification, cell response
100
What occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle?
DNA Replication
200
What process breaks the bonds between monomers?
Hydrolysis
200
Name the reduced form of on electron carrier involved in cellular respiration.
NADH or FADH2
200
What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?
It breaks apart the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases in the DNA.
200
Provide an example of a secondary messenger.
cAMP, CGMP, calcium
200
Which proteins are required for a cell to progress through a checkpoint in the cell cycle?
Cyclins & CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases)
300
What type of bonds connect the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of another amino acid to form the primary structure of proteins?
Peptide Bonds
300
How many carbon dioxide molecules are required to produce one molecule of glucose?
6
300
What is the role of a corepressor in a repressible operon?
It attaches to the repressor and allows it to bind to the promotor to stop RNA polymerase from transcribing.
300
Which type of ligand can move through the cell membrane - it does not need a protein receptor to dock on.
Nonsteroid Hormones
300
Describe the events that occur in anaphase.
Sister chromatids break apart and are pulled to opposite sides of the cells by spindles.
400
Name this macromolecule.
Carbohydrate
400
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
It is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
400
What is the role of a spliceosome in gene expression?
It removes the introns from an mRNA strand and bonds the exons together.
400
Describe what a phosphorylation cascade is.
A sequence of signaling pathway events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins.
400
What is the difference between Metaphase I and Metaphase II in meiosis?
In metaphase I, homologous chromosomes separate. In metaphase II, sister chromatids split.
500
Name three types of bonds that hold the tertiary structure of a protein together.
Ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic interactions, hydrophilic interactions, hydrogen bonds
500
What is the role of water in photosynthesis?
It is the source of electrons for Photosystem II.
500
Although an osteocyte and a neuron have the same DNA, they are both structurally and functionally very different. How is that accomplished?
Osteocytes are signaled to express different genes than neurons are.
500
Plasmodesmata are pores in the cell membranes and cell walls of plants that allow water and signals to flow freely between adjacent cells. What type of signaling is this?
Juxtacrine
500
Describe how a failure in expression of a tumor suppressor gene would cause cancer.
Tumor suppressor genes signal cells to stop dividing when there are enough in an area. Failure of that gene to express would cause a cell to continuously divide.