Metabolism
These pathways break down molecules and release energy.
What are catabolic pathways?
This is the term for reactions that release energy and occur spontaneously.
What are exergonic reactions?
These are the three parts that make up the structure of ATP.
What is a nitrogenous base (adenine) a sugar molecule (ribose), and a chain of three phosphate groups?
ATP drives cellular processes by transferring this group to molecules.
What is a phosphate group?
This is the type of energy stored in the bonds of molecules, such as glucose.
What is chemical energy?
The process that builds complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.
What are anabolic pathways?
Reactions that absorb energy and are non-spontaneous.
What are endergonic reactions?
This is formed when a phosphate group is removed from ATP.
What is ADP?
Energy lost as heat during metabolism increases this measure of disorder.
What is entropy?
These reactions occur without requiring energy input and increase the entropy of the universe.
What are spontaneous reactions?
These reactions convert large molecules into simpler ones, making energy available for cellular work.
What are breakdown reactions?
The sign of a spontaneous reaction.
What is negative?
A hydrolysis reaction releases energy by breaking this bond of ATP.
What is the terminal bond?
The energy for cellular activities ultimately originates from this source.
What is the sun?
The majority of energy lost during cellular processes is released in this form.
What is heat?
When energy is transferred in a system, some is lost as heat, increasing this measure of randomness in the universe.
What is molecular disorder?
This process extracts stored energy in sugars to perform work.
What is cellular respiration?
This process reattaches a phosphate group to ADP to regenerate ATP.
What is phosphorylation?
Organisms convert chemical energy in food into these two forms.
What are usable energy and heat?
These organelles in plant and animal cells are the primary sites of energy transformation.
What are mitochondria?
The law explaining why some energy is lost as heat during energy transfer.
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
The process plants use to convert light energy into sugars, requiring energy.
What is photosynthesis?
The process where ATP powers transport and mechanical work by altering protein shape.
What is energy coupling?
This type of energy stored in chemical bonds can be transformed into motion or heat.
What is potential energy?
This principle explains why energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.
What is the first law of thermodynamics?