Macromolecules
Tell the 4 macromolecules
What are the different levels of protein organisation? Describe why the levels need to be made in order?
primary (single strand order is most important)
secondary (alpha helix and beta pleated sheet)
tertiary (single strand complete and complex folding)
quartinary (2+ strands join together to make one big super protein)
Describe two positive functions of lipids in cells
1) store energy (more than double energy to carbohydrates = 9cal/gram to 4 cal/gram)
2) insulation (energy homeostasis)
3) protection boundaries (cell membrane phospholipid bi-layer)
tell three ways DNA is different to RNA
1) double to single strand
2) location: dna is in nucleus and rna in cytoplasm
3) bases: DNA has thymine and RNA has uracil
4) durability: DNA longer, RNA shorter
5) length: DNA longer, RNA shorter
6) process: DNA rarely changed , RNA introns cut
Tell which two variables must go into scientific question
independent variable and dependent variable
Tell the polymers of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
What two influences cause proteins to denature
temperature and pH
Describe function of cholesterol and where you find cholesterol in human cells
structure/support and make hormones
found in cell membrane
Tell how many genes in banana genome
20,000 genes humans
36,000 genes banana
When should you have bar graph instead of line graph
line graph is for continuous data (when X axis generally is continous time)
bar graph is for separate/different categories or noncontinuous data
Describe the difference between carbohydrates and lipids in regard to energy storage
Carbohydrates = short-term energy
Lipids = long-term energy
1) Tell the name of bond between amino acids and explain what category of bond. 2) What elements are in proteins?
1) peptide bond
2) CHON and sometimes S
Tell what lipids are made into hormones. Name specific example
steroid
examples: testosterone, progesterone, cortisol, estradiol
describe the major differences between eukaryotic DNA and prokaryotic DNA
Eukaryotics = organised into chromosomes
Prokaryotes = organised into one large circular DNA with plasmids present
What is the percent confidence of 1SEM?
confidence of 2SEM?
how does ±2SEM relate to p value?
1SEM = 68%
2SEM = 95%
2SEM = p value of 0.05 = used in biology
1) Explain the differences between saturated fats and unsaturated fats with both structure and function. 2) Give cooking examples of each.
Saturated has single covalent bonds (butter/lard/solid)
Unsaturated has double covalent bonds (liquid oil)
Tell three functions of proteins. Give an example (name of protein) for each different function.
1) enzymes (amalyse)
2) structure (microfilaments, collagen and keratin)
3) identification/immune system (antibodies)
4) transport (haemoglobin)
5) hormone (insulin, glucagon, TSH)
Tell a monomer and polymer of lipid
explain why lipids does not have a formal polymer yet tell the closest example
monomer = fatty acid
no true polymer (no repeating units) yet closest is = triglyceride (glycerol with 3 fatty acid tails)
Describe one nucleotide.
Explain where the hydrogen bonds are located.
Describe why DNA is antiparallel.
Explain where nitrogen is located in DNA
phosphate bonded to ribose sugar bonded to nitrogen base.
two nitrogen bases join together with hydrogen bonds. AT and CG
DNA is antiparallel because the two strands are opposite directions upside down = 3 to 5 and 5 to 3
why are error bars both going up and down on graph?
why is smaller error bars more confidence?
what does it mean if error bars do not overlap?
The error of mean can be both above and below the mean
The size of the error bar is equal to 95% confidence the data is within that range. More confidence is in smaller range.
If bars dont overlap, the separation is enough with 95% confience that there is a statistical difference between trials
Describe the 4 groups found on one amino acid
Amine group, Carboxyl group, Hydrogen, R-side chain group
Tell three different properties of amino acid R groups that contribute to protein shape and how R group influence final shape
1) hydrophilic (R group goes outside protein towards water)
2) hydrophobic (R group goes intside protein away from water)
3) ionic positive / negative ions (attract one another and stay outside)
tell which intermolecular force is strongest in general and explain in lipids which intermolecular force helps describe lipids and explain how that relates to their properties of being less dense than 1, lower vapor point and low boiling point
london dispersion force (van deer waals)
During nucleic acid synthesis, describe the direction new nucleic acids are added to the growing strand
in direction of 5 to 3
What 4 parts of graph are needed for full marks on AP Bio
1 - axis titles
2- axis units
3- equal increments
4- plotted points accurately (including error bars)