Enzymes
What is the main function of enzymes?
To decrease the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur and speed up the reaction.
What is the formula for photosynthesis? State the reactants and the products.
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reactants products
What is the formula for aerobic cellular respiration. Identify the reactants and products.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ~36 ATP
Reactants Products
Which cellular energy process requires light energy and which organelle does it take place in?
Photosynthesis in the chloroplast
What macromolecule is glucose?
Carbohydrate
What are two factors that impact enzyme function and describe why the function is impacted.
pH - as the pH deviates from the optimal range the enzyme will change structurally
Temperature- higher temperatures initially increase enzyme function, however if it deviates too far from the optimal range the enzyme will change structurally to the point that it could denature.
Chemicals- certain chemicals can bind to the enzyme inhibiting its function
What is the pigment that absorbs light in the photosystems and excites electrons?
Chlorophyl
1. Where does glycolysis take place?
2. What is the intermediate molecule that it makes from glucose?
3. Does it require oxygen?
1. Cytosol
2. Pyruvate
3. No
What are the 2 forms of energy in Photosynthesis (other than light energy) that are products of the light dependent reaction?
NADPH and ATP
What type of transport is involved with ATP synthase?
a) active transport
b) osmosis
c) diffusion
d) facilitated diffusion
d) facilitated diffusion
Describe the difference between the active site vs the allosteric site on an enzyme.
The active site is where the substrate would bind to the enzyme.
The allosteric site is where allosteric inhibitors and activators can bind to change the shape of the active site.
What provides the electrons to the chlorophyll once they leave photosystem II in the electron transport chain?
What is the final electron acceptor? And what does it create when it accepts electrons and hydrogens?
Oxygen
It creates H2O from gaining 2 electrons and 2 hydrogens
What are the 2 types of anaerobic respiration?
Lactic acid and alcohol fermentation
How does the thylakoid membrane and the cristae membrane act as evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?
The membranes resemble the plasma membrane of early prokaryotic cells
Explain what happens to the rate of reaction once an enzyme becomes saturated.
The rate of reaction will slow down due to all of the available enzymes being bonded to substrates.
How did photosynthetic prokaryotes change the atmosphere of early Earth?
As they photosynthesized they added oxygen into the atmosphere.
Write how much ATP is made during
1) glycolysis
2) krebs cycle
3) ETC.
1) 2
2) 2
3) ~32
Chloroplast have stacks of thylakoids and mitochondria have fold called cristae. How do these structural features of the organelles impact their function?
They increase surface area in order to make glucose production and breakdown more efficient.
What type of cells go through photosynthesis in chloroplast AND cellular respiration in mitochondria?
a) prokaryotic plant cells
b) eukaryotic plant cells
c) eukaryotic plant and animal cells
d) prokaryotic plant and animal cells
b) eukaryotic plant cells
In the liver enzyme lab, what was an example of a negative control?
When we added hydrogen peroxide to the product of the first reaction (the water).
What allows ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP and P to generate ATP?
The proton gradient
How does the ATP synthase work?
The H+ ions that are moving because of the electrical current in the inner membrane are moving them into the ATP synthase which acts like a rotor to pump them across the membrane. The energy from them being pumped across the membrane helps ADP and Pi get bonded together.
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration interrelated?
The reactants of cellular respiration are the products of photosynthesis.
Why can't very small H+ protons move across the thylakoid membrane and cristae membrane by way of diffusion?
They are charged and therefore must use a carrier protein to facilitate the diffusion.