Cell Communication
Critical for the survival and function of cells, and responsible for the growth and development of multicellular organisms.
What is cell-to-cell communication?
Reception, Transduction, Response.
What are the three stages of cell signaling?
The state of relatively stable internal condition.
What is homeostasis?
Allows for the reproduction of cells, growth of cells, and tissue repair.
What is the cell division process?
Chromatin condenses, nucleoli disappear, duplicated chromosomes appear as sister chromatids, mitotic spindle begins to form, chromosomes move away from each other.
What is prophase?
Communication through cell junctions. In animal cells, gap junctions, and in plant cells, plasmodesmata.
What is direct contact?
When the ligand binds to the receptor, the protein changes in shape (conformational change), which initiates the process of transduction.
What is ligand binds to its receptor?
A variable that will cause a response.
What is a stimulus?
The region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached.
What is the centromere?
sequential steps of mitosis
What is prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
type of communication in which a cell sends a chemical signal to a nearby cell
What is paracrine signaling?
G protein coupled receptors, protein tyrosine kinases, and ligand gated ion channels are all examples of
What are plasma membrane recpetors?
When the body is unable to maintain homeostasis.
What is disease?
Phase in the cell cycle in which the cell is not actively dividing, but it is actively functioning.
What is G0?
Two daughter nuclei form, nucleoli reappear, chromosomes become less condensed.
What is telophase and cytokinesis?
Specialized cells in animals release hormones into the circulatory system where they reach target cells. By traveling through blood most parts of the body are reached.
What is endocrine signaling?
Transmits the signal from the plasma membrane to the metabolic machinery in the cytoplasm. ex. cyclic AMP
What are second messengers?
Reduces the effect of the stimulus.
What is negative feedback?
phases of interphase
G1, S, G2
Centrosomes are at opposite poles, chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate, microtubules are attached to each kinetochore.
What is Metaphase?
Bacteria cells share information about cell density to surrounding cells, allowing cells to adjust their gene expression.
What is quorum sensing?
A sequence of signaling pathway events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins. This can be seen in signal transduction of hormone messages.
What are phosphorylation cascades?
Baby pushes on cervix, nerve cells in cervix send signal to brain, pituitary gland releases oxytocin, and oxytocin stimulates contractions.
What is an example of a positive feedback loop?
Control points, ex. G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, M (Spindle) Checkpoint.
What is regulation of the cell cycle?
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell due to microtubules shortening, and cell elongates.
What is anaphase?