Prokaryote Gene Regulation
Eukaryote Gene Regulation
Development
Stem Cells and Cloning
Central Dogma & Mutations
100
Tryptophan is in the system and stops transcription of tryptophan-synthesizing enzymes. This is repressible or inducible gene expression?
What is repressible
100
The addition of this chemical group causes chromatin to condense and for transcription to be reduced.
What is methyl groups
100
This is the term for when a cell develops a structure and function
What is differentiation
100
This is a type of stem cell with the greatest potential to differentiate
What is totipotent
100

Three sites on a ribosome.

What are the E site, P site, and A site?

200
This is what an operon is composed of
What is promoter, operator, and genes of interest
200
The addition of this chemical group causes chromatin to be opened up, and thus, increases the likelihood of transcription.
What is acetyl groups
200
This is the process that gives an organism its shape
What is morphogenesis
200
This is a type of stem cell that can differentiate into several types of cells
What is pluripotent
200

A mutation that changes the order of all of the codons afterwards.

What is a frameshift mutation?

300
When lactose is in the system, lac genes are turned on in a prokaryote. Briefly describe how this happens.
Inducible transcription. Lactose is an inducer and changes the shape of the repressor which falls off of the operator. RNA polymerase is then able to transcribe the genes to produce the proteins used to digest lactose.
300
Inheritance of traits not directly based on a nucleotide sequence is known as this
What is epigenetics
300
RNA molecules, proteins, and organelles in an unfertilized egg are distributed unevenly. Together, these comprise this.
What is cytoplasmic determinants
300

Current method of DNA fingerprinting.

What is STR analysis?

300

The part of transcription that includes RNA polymerase unzipping the DNA and assembling RNA nucleotides.

What is elongation?

400

A type of promoter sequence that indicates where a genetic sequence should be read and decoded.

What is the TATA box?

400
This process is also known as "programmed cell death". Quickly explain its name and role in vertebrate development.
What is apoptosis. Digit differentiation.
400
These are cells that were originally differentiated cells that turned back into stem cells
What is induced pluripotent cells
400

The difference between nonsense and missense mutations.

Missense changes one amino acid to another. Nonsense causes translation to stop.

500

This is a protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription

What is an activator protein? What are transcription factors that act as activators?

500

Genes that control pattern formation during embryonic development, one result of mutated version in humans and one result of mutated version in fruit flies.

What are Hox genes?

Mutated version in humans: clubfoot, extra fingers/toes, limb deformities

Mutated version in flies: limb development in the head

500

Five out of seven key parts of embryonic development.

What are:

  1. Cell Division: large # identical cells through mitosis

  2. Cell Differentiation: cells become specialized in structure & function

  3. Morphogenesis: “creation of form” – organism’s shape

  4. Cytoplasmic determinants: maternal substances in egg distributed unevenly in early cells of embryo

  5. Induction: cells triggered to differentiate
  6. Cell-Cell Signals: molecules produced by one cell influences neighboring cells

    •  Eg. Growth factors

  7. Determination: irreversible series of events that lead to cell differentiation

500

The eight major steps of DNA replication.

What are:

  1. Helicase: unwinds DNA at origins of replication

  2. Initiation proteins separate 2 strands (forms replication bubble)

  3. Topoisomerase: relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, rejoining DNA strands

  4. Primase: puts down RNA primer to start replication

  5. DNA polymerase III: adds complementary bases to leading strand (new DNA is made 5’ --> 3’)

  6. Lagging strand grows in 3’--> 5’ direction by the addition of Okazaki fragments

  7. DNA polymerase I: replaces RNA primers with DNA

8. DNA ligase: seals fragments together 

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