DNA
In addition to the nucleus, which two cellular structures have DNA?
chloroplasts
mitochondria
This molecule brings each amino acid to the ribosome during translation
tRNA
A bacterial operon is made up of
promoter
operator
gene(s)
gel electrophoresis is used to
separate strands of DNA or protein by size
or
make a DNA fingerprint
A DNA sample has 22% guanine. How much adenine would you expect?
28%
What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics?
DNA => RNA => protein
What does it mean to say there is redundancy in the codons for amino acids?
more than one codon can code for a single amino acid
The group of proteins that can bind to DNA and inhibit or activate transcription
transcription factors
A mutation in the beta-globin gene can lead to...
sickle cell disease
One strand of DNA runs 5' to 3'. It's complimentary strand runs 3' to 5'.
We say they are _______
antiparallel
During initiation, _______________ attaches to the DNA template strand to begin transcribing.
RNA polymerase
What amino acid does the DNA segment ACC code for?
tryptophan
How does RNA splicing contribute to gene regulation?
Allows for different proteins to be made from a single gene
A mutation that leads to a different amino acid being coded for a protein
missense
The enzyme that unwinds DNA for replication
topoisomerase
The second step of transcription is...
elongation
How does the ribosome know when to stop making the protein?
It reaches a "stop" codon on the mRNA
What role do micro RNAs have on gene regulation?
can break down mRNA or block it from being transcribed
Down's syndrome is caused by ____________ of chromosome #____
nondisjunction, 21
Where and when is a RNA primer needed during replication?
each parental strand; before DNA polymerase can bind
What are 3 ways that pre-mRNA must be modified in eukaryotes?
5' cap
poly A tail (3')
RNA splicing
As mRNA is transcribed, each codon brings a tRNA with a matching....
anticodon
What impact does histone acetylation have on gene expression?
Loosens the chromatin, so replication can happen more easily (increases gene expression)
The full name of the procedure used to make millions of copies of a DNA segment
polymerase chain reaction