Unit 1 and 2
This type of bond involves the sharing of electrons and is responsible for holding the hydrogen and oxygen bonds together within a single water molecule.
A covalent bond!
These biological catalysts lower the activation energy of a reaction, speeding it up without being consumed.
Enzymes
This process involves two rounds of cell division and results in four genetically unique haploid daughter cells.
Meiosis
This type of species has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance; if removed, the ecosystem may collapse.
This type of species has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance; if removed, the ecosystem may collapse.
DOUBLE POINTS!!!
A researcher is studying the transport of sucrose into plant cells. She observes that the cells use a sucrose-H+ cotransporter, which moves sucrose into the cell against its concentration gradient by hitching a ride with hydrogen ions ($H^+$) moving down their gradient.
The researcher then treats the cells with cyanide, a toxin that completely inhibits the electron transport chain in the mitochondria, stopping the production of ATP.
Predict what will happen to the rate of sucrose transport into the cell after the cyanide is added.
The rate of sucrose transport will decrease and eventually stop!
This organelle is continuous with the nuclear envelope and is studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Rough ER
These are the three stages of a typical cell signaling pathway.
Reception, transduction, response
During transcription, this enzyme reads the DNA template strand to synthesize a complementary mRNA molecule
RNA Polymerase
This term describes the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain based on available resources like food and space.
Carrying capacity
DOUBLE POINTSSSS
A signaling pathway involves a ligand binding to a receptor, which activates Enzyme A. Enzyme A then phosphorylates and activates Enzyme B. Enzyme B then enters the nucleus to trigger the transcription of a target gene.
A researcher introduces a non-hydrolyzable form of ATP into the cell—meaning the ATP can bind to enzymes, but the bond holding the third phosphate cannot be broken.
Predict the effect on the target gene's transcription and justify your answer.
Transcription will not occur, since it will be inhibited.
If a plant cell is placed in this type of solution, water will leave the cell, causing the plasma membrane to pull away from the cell wall (plasmolysis)
Hypertonic solution
This process occurs in the cytosol of all living cells (prokaryote and eukaryote) and breaks glucose down into two pyruvate molecules.
Glycolysis
This type of point mutation results in a premature stop codon, usually leading to a nonfunctional protein.
Nonsense mutation
This condition of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is violated if individuals in a population prefer to mate with others who have specific traits.
Random mating
In E. coli bacteria, the lac operon (which digests lactose) is regulated by a repressor protein. Normally, the repressor binds to the operator and blocks transcription unless lactose is present. Lactose binds to the repressor, changing its shape so it falls off the DNA.
A mutation occurs in the regulatory gene (lacI), resulting in a repressor protein that cannot bind to lactose but can still bind to the operator.
Predict the level of gene expression for the lac operon in the presence of high levels of lactose.
Gene expression will be permanently off (no transcription).
A change in pH or high temperature can cause a protein to lose its shape and function; what is this process?
Denaturation
This "programmed cell death" occurs when a cell receives a signal that it is damaged or no longer needed, preventing the spread of mutations.
Apoptosis
If a red flower and a white flower produce pink offspring, the inheritance pattern is described as this.
Incomplete dominance
These structures, like the limb bones of humans, cats, and whales, indicate a common ancestor due to their similar anatomical blueprints.
Homologous structures
DOUBLE PTS
An animal cell has an internal glucose concentration of 0.5M. It is placed into a beaker containing a 1.2M glucose solution. The membrane is permeable to water but impermeable to glucose.
Describe the movement of water and the resulting state of the animal cell.
Water will move out of the cell, and the cell will shrivel.
This type of transport requires ATP because it moves molecules against their concentration gradient (from low to high concentration).
Active transport
This enzyme uses the proton (H+) gradient generated by the ETC to phosphorylate ADP into ATP.
ATP Synthase
These are small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria that are often used as vectors in genetic engineering to transform cells.
Plasmids
In this type of succession, a community begins to grow in an area where no soil previously existed, such as on a new volcanic island.
Primary succession
DOUBLE PTSS
On a remote island, a population of 1,000 birds lives in a forest. A specific gene controls beak shape: Big Beaks (B) are dominant over Small Beaks (b).
A massive drought occurs, and suddenly the only food source available is small, hard seeds that require a Small Beak to crack. The birds with Big Beaks cannot eat the seeds and die before they can reproduce.
The next generation of birds is born. You find that all the birds in this new generation have Small Beaks.
Using Hardy-Weinberg terms, what is the new frequency of the b allele in this population?
Frequency of the b allele is now 1.0 or 100%.