Biochemistry
The Cell
Cell Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cell Division
100
Organic compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas Isomers of one substance have different properties Three types: structural, geometric, and optical (mirror images) Three of C6H12O6 = glucose, galactose, and fructoses
What is: Isomers
100
Contains chromosomes (DNA) wrapped into a chromatin network Surrounded by selectively permeable membrane that contains nuclear pores for the passage of large molecules like mRNA Prominent region seen in the nucleus during interphase Where ribosome components are synthesized and assembled
What is: Nucleus or Nucleolus
100
Part of aerobic respiration Raw material = acetyl co-A (coenzyme A combined with pyruvate) Each turn of the cycle produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP Occurs in the mitochondrial inner matrix Also known as citric acid cycle CO2 is a waste product It turns twice for each molecule of glucose Produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation
What is: Krebs Cycle
100
Located in the grana, within thylakoid membranes Harvest light for the light-dependent reactions Several hundred in each chloroplast Consist of a reaction center containing chlorophyll a plus antenna pigments
What is: Photosystems
100
Nuclear membrane disintegrates Strands of Chromosomes condense and become visible Nucleolus disappears
What is: Identify the Phase of Mitosis (I) - Prophase
200
Consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Give quick energy Empirical formula = [CH2O]n (n = #carbons) Are polymers: chains of repeating units of monosaccharides Monosaccharides: glucose, galactose, and fructose Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, and maltose Polysaccharides in plants: cellulose and starch in animals: glycogen and chitin
What is: Carbohydrates
200
Site of protein synthesis Found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
What is: Ribosomes
200
A protein complex that sits within the cristae membrane of a mitochondrion There are hundreds of them in the cristae membrane Are responsible for producing ATP as protons (H+) flow down a gradient through the channel from the outer comparment to the inner matrix, a process called chemiosmosis or oxidative phosphorylation
What is: ATP synthase channel
200
Two major things occur: light is absorbed and transferred to molecules of ATP, and water is split apart. ATP is produced as the exergonic flow of electrons through electron transport chains is coupled with the phosphorylation of ADP into ATP Photolysis occurs: water is split apart, providing electrons (to replace those lost from photosystem II) and protons (to reduce NADP) to the system NADPH2 is formed
What is: Light-Dependent Reactions
200
Chromosomes line up single file on the metaphase plate Centrioles are at opposite ends of the cell Spindle fibers run from centrioles to kinetochores.
What is: Identify the Phase of Mitosis (I) - Metaphase
300
Monosaccharid Used for quick energy Building block of all carbohydrates The carbon atoms are numbered
What is: Glucose - C6 H12 O6
300
Membranous system of channels and flattened sacs that traverses the cytoplasm Rough- site of protein synthesis Smooth - *Synthesizes steroid hormones and other lipids *Connects rough to Golgi apparatus, *Carries out various detoxification processes
What is: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
300
A proton pump in the cristae of mitochondria Energy-coupling reaction that creates H+gradient in the cristae membrane. Energy released from the exergonic flow of electrons is used to pump protons across the cristae membrane to create a proton gradient Water is a waste product and is exhaled
What is: Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
300
The main thing that occurs during the light-dependent reactions - ATP is produced and NADPH2 is formed. Chemiosmosis powers the production of ATP NADP bonds to the H+ that diffused through the ATP-synthase channel across the thylakoid membrane
What is: Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
300
Sister chromatids separate as spindle fibers pull them apart Shortest phase of mitosis
What is: Identify the Phase of Mitosis (II) - Anaphase
400
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids =yields= lipid
What is: Glycerol
400
Packages and secretes substances produced in the ER Lies near nucleus; consists of flattened membranous sacs
What is:Golgi Apparatus
400
Most ATP synthesis in a cell is produced by ______ A process by which ATP is formed in mitochondria as protons flow down a proton gradient through the ATP synthase complex in the cristae membrane Known as the Mitchell hypothesis
What is: Chemiosmosis
400
This process only replenishes ATP-no NADPH is formed Modification of noncyclic photophosphorylation Occurs when the Calvin cycle (which requires enormous energy) uses up all available ATP
What is: Cyclic Photophosphorylation
400
Chromosomes cluster at opposite ends of cell Nuclear membrane reforms Supercoiled chromosomes unravel and become invisible again Spindle fibers may still be visible
What is: Identify the Phase of Mitosis (II) - Telophase
500
Consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Comprise fats, oils, waxes, and steroids Hydrophobic (not soluble in water) Made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids (except steroids) Serve many functions: *Energy storage and insulation *Structural-Phospholipids are a major component of plasma membranes and protect delicate organs *Endocrine - some steroids are hormones
What is: Lipids
500
Sacs of hydrolytic enzymes surrounded by a single membrane Principal site of intracellular digestion of macromolecules Carry out programmed destruction of cells, apoptosis, using their hydrolytic enzymes Found in large numbers in phagocytic white blood cells Absent from plant cells
What is Lysosomes
500
1. Process that produces a small amount of ATP during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle During this process, the enzyme kinase transfers a phosphate from a substrate directly to ADP, forming ATP 2. A broad term- the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain Produces ATP by using energy derived from the redox reactions of the ETC
What is: 1. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation 2. Oxidative Phosphorylation
500
General term for the process that includes the Calvin cycle Occurs in the Stroma Does no depend directly on light Requires the products of the light-dependent reactions; these reactions occur only when there is light.
What is: Light-Independent Reaction
500
Exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids Increases variation in offspring Produces recombinant chromosomes consisting of combined genes from two parents Occurs during synapsis within prophase I
What is: Crossing-Over
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