Cell Signaling
What are the 3 steps in the signal transduction pathway?
Reception, transduction, and response
What happens during Cytokinesis?
Cytoplasm is pinched into two nearly equal parts or a cell plate forms midway between the divided nuclei.
What is a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) enzymes.
Cyclin
Location of receptor for hydrophilic ligands
Membrane
Number of centromeres in 10 duplicated chromosomes
10
What is a signal molecule that binds to a larger molecule.
Ligand
What stage of the cell cycle does our DNA replicate?
S stage
How many checkpoints are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle?
Three
What is apoptosis?
Preprogrammed cell death
Number of chromosomes in a 2n=46 diploid cell after S
92
What is the most common response of transduction pathways?
Gene Expression
What are the 3 steps of interphase and 5 steps of mitosis?
G1, S, G2, Prophase, (Prometaphase), Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (Cytokinesis)
What checkpoint decides whether or not the cell will undergo division or enter to G0 phase?
G1 Checkpoint
Location of receptor for hydrophobic ligands
Cytosol/Cytoplasm
Number of homologous pairs of chromosomes in humans
23
What are enzymes that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to a protein
Kinase
Two new nuclei form during this stage of Mitosis.
Telophase
At what checkpoint does the cell check to see if the spindle fibers are attached correctly?
M or Spindle checkpoint
One half of a duplicated chromosome is a __________.
What is a chromatid?
Number of total chromosomes present if there are 32 double (duplicated) chromosomes
64
What is a series of chemical reactions during cell signaling mediated by enzymes, in which each kinase in turn phosphorylates and activates another?
Phosphorylation Cascade
At what point in the cell cycle do the sister chromatids separate?
Anaphase
What causes cancer?
Mutations in genetic material
Cells that don't divide go to this step.
G0 phase
Number of centromeres after anaphase if 2n=46
0