Urinary System
What are the names of the inner and outer layer of the kidneys?
inner portion/layer- renal medulla
outer layer- renal cortex
What is the most abundant body compound?
water (H2+O)
What is the range of blood pH?
7.35-7.45
venous blood pH 7.35
arterial blood pH 7.45
due to amount of CO2 in venous blood makes it less alkaline/base
bowman's capsule and glomerulus
What are the four main structures (in order) of the urinary system?
kidneys (2), ureters (2), urinary bladder (1), urethra (1)
What is the abnormal urine output term for absence of urine?
anuria
What is the largest body fluid compartment in the body?
ICF- intracellular fluid- fluid inside of the cells
What are the three mechanisms that control pH of body fluids?
chemical/buffer mechanism
respiratory mechanism
urinary mechanism
What is typically a major cause of hydronephrosis (swelling of the kidney)?
blockage in the ureter causing backup of urine in the kidney by renal calculi/kidney stone or some other cause (urine not being allowed to exit the body)
Which body fluid compartment is most variable?
Interstitial fluid (IF)
What are the names of the renal tubules? (6)
PCT, descending limb, henle loop, ascending limb, DCT, CD
What hormones are secreted when ECF is low that functions to sodium and water reabsorption, therefore, making urine output volume less
ADH
aldosterone
Which control mechanism acts immediately when there is a drop in pH detected?
chemical/buffer mechanism
What three substances make up the ECF- extracellular fluid? (fluid outside of the cell, making up the internal environment of the body)
plasma
interstitial fluid (IF)
transcellular: lymph, joint fluids, CSF, eye humors
When the body is in a state of dehydration, which fluid compartment is going to shrink first?
Interstitial Fluid (IF)
which process in the formation of urine is movement of substances out of the renal tubules and into the blood peritubular capillaries?
reabsorption
What is the difference between an anion and a cation and give examples of each
anion- negatively charged ion (Cl-)
cation- positively charged ion (K+)
what is a buffer?
substances that prevent a sharp change in the pH of a fluid when an acid or base is added to it
Which electrolyte imbalance is caused by fasting, abuse of laxatives and certain diuretics, diarrhea, vomiting, gastric suction and has clinical signs of skeletal muscle and cardiac problems; smooth muscle weakness causing abdominal distention, and slow rate of passage of GI contents?
hypokalemia (K+ <3.5mEq/L)
What is H2CO3?
carbonic acid; when Co2 enters the blood and combines with H2O
which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary and promotes water reabsorption, therefore, decreasing urine output; known as a salt and water retaining hormone?
ADH- antidiuretic hormone
Which electrolyte imbalance is caused by overuse of salt tablets; dehydration, prolonged diarrhea and is characterized by relative deficit of water to salt in the ECF?
hypernatremia (Na+ >145mEq/L)
Explain the buffering action of carbonic acid (H2CO3)
NaOH (strong base) is added to the buffered pair; in doing so, the strong base (NaOH) dissociates releasing large amount of OH-, in releasing OH- ions, the fluid becomes a weaker base toward acidity
respiratory acidosis is H2CO3 excess, making RR decreased
respiratory alkalosis is H2CO3 deficit, making RR increased
when an acid-base imbalance is said to be compensated, what does that mean?
restores the balance for the abnormal shift in pH, meaning the pH has returned to a normal level