Matter
Define Chemistry
The study of matter and how it interacts, combines and changes
What type of reaction if formed between a metal and a nonmetal?
What is the product formed called?
Ionic bond
Salt
Define energy
The capacity to do work
What specific part of the atom is involved during a chemical reaction
the valence shell electrons
What is an ion?
What are the 2 different types of ions that can form?
An atom or molecule with a net ionic charge due to the loss or gain of electrons
- cation
-anion
What is a subatomic particle?
What are the 3 types of subatomic particles?
- protons
-neutrons
- electrons
What type of reaction can form double or triple bonds?
These bonds are made between what type of elements?
Covalent bonds
Metals and Nonmetals
What is potential energy?
What is kinetic energy?
Stored energy that can be released later to do work
energy set in motion to do work
Exchange reaction
what is the difference between a molecule and a compound?
a molecule is made up of 2 or more ATOMS bonded chemically
a compound is made up of 2 or more ELEMENTS bonded chemically
What does it mean for a bond to be polar?
What causes this?
Electrons spend more time around one atom than another
This is caused by one atom being more electronegative than another
Define activation energy
The energy required to initiate a reaction
All the chemical processes that take place within the body is called what?
- What is it called when a bodily chemical reaction constructs larger molecules?
- What is it called when bodily chemical reaction breaks down molecules into smaller ones?
Metabolism
anabolism
catabolism
Define a free radical
Define an antioxidant
Antioxidant- chemicals that neutralize free radicals
What chemically makes something organic?
What is the difference between organic and inorganic matter/compounds?
to be organic, it must have H and C bonded together
Organic- living or was produced from something that is/was alive. Examples: animals, plants, fungi, seeds, eggs, biowaste products, bacteria/microorganisms
Inorganic- Nonliving. Examples: rock, sand, water
What is a hydrogen bond?
What is the characteristic of water due to hydrogen bonding?
What molecules utilize hydrogen bonds to function?
an intermolecular force that is caused by hydrogen atoms on a molecule being attracted to an electronegative atom with a lone pair of electrons
-polarity
-macromolecules
What is it called when a reaction releases energy?
What is it called when a reaction requires the input of energy?
- exergonic
-endergonic
What is it called when electrons are transferred from one molecule to another?
What are this process used for in the body?
Reduction Oxidation Reactions
- energy production (cellular respiration)
- Cell signaling (cell growth and differentiation)
What is an isotope?
- What important property can some of them have?
-Why is this property important to A&P?
An isotope is a chemical element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons, giving it a different atomic mass
- some of them can display radioactivity
- radioactivity is used in x-rays, PET Scans, and cancer treatments
What is a mixture?
What are the 3 different types of mixtures?
matter mixed together physically but not chemically combined
-solution
-suspensions
-colloids
describe how chemical bonds are formed
define the octet and duet rules
-They are formed when the electrons (specifically the valence or outer shell electrons) are shared or transferred between atoms.
-The octet rule states that an atom is most stable when there is 8 valence electrons in its outer shell
-The duet rule is for atoms with 5 or less electrons and it states that an atom is most stable with 2 valence electrons
what are the 3 types of energy used in the body? Give an example of each
Chemical- digestion, stored fat and muscles
Electrical- nerve impulses, muscle movements, heartbeat
Mechanical - Movement of joints, peristalsis, breathing and heartbeat
What are the 4 factors that impact reaction rate time?
Concentration
Particle size and phase
Temperature
Catalysts
What is an isomer?
Why are they so important in the frame of anatomy and physiology?
- this is the key to building macromolecules! which are critical to life