Heart 1
What is the location of the heart?
What is it called when valves are narrower than normal, reducing blood flow
stenosis
What are the three types of blood vessels
What is the name for enlarged veins in which blood pools causing the vein to be wider and therefore the valves not working correctly
varicose veins (varices)
What is the function of valves in the heart?
to prevent backflow of blood
What are the names of the four chambers of the heart?
left atrium
right atrium
left ventricle
right ventricle
What are the terms meaning contraction and relaxation of the heart in reference to blood pressure?
contraction = systole
relaxation = diastole
Describe the structure of a vein
3 layers: tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
Tunica intima has presence of valves due to veins have lower pressure; valves keep the blood flowing in one direction
What is pulmonary circulation?
circulation to and from the lungs
Path goes from right ventricle through pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, to left atrium
What causes the "lup-dup" of the heart beat
First sound (lub) caused by the vibration and closure of AV valves during contraction of the ventricles
Second sound (dup) caused by the closure of the SL valves during relaxation of the ventricles
What are the three layers of the heart wall from innermost to outermost
endocardium- innermost
myocardium- middle muscle layer
pericardium- outermost
What are the names of the 2 atrioventricular valves and the 2 semilunar valves?
atrioventricular valves: tricuspid/mitral (bicuspid)
semilunar valves: pulmonic/aortic
What are the functions of the blood vessels?
arteries take blood away from the heart
veins carry blood toward the heart
capillaries are exchange vessels between gases, nutrients, etc
What is unique about the hepatic portal circulation?
5 abdominal organs use the hepatic portal vein through the liver before entering the inferior vena cava; between two capillary beds
What is the name of the circulation that supplies the heart with oxygenated blood?
What is cardiac tamponade?
compression of the heart from buildup of fluid between the visceral and parietal pericardium in the pericardial space
What disease of the heart is the incompetence of mitral valve caused by its edges extending back into left atrium when left ventricle contracts
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
What are the 5 abdominal organs that use the hepatic portal circulation?
spleen
liver
gall bladder
stomach
intestines
Name the five factors that influence blood pressure
blood volume
strength of heart contractions
heart rate
blood viscosity
resistance to blood flow
What is the difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis
arteriosclerosis- hardening of the arteries caused by calcification of fatty deposits on the arterial walls
atherosclerosis- lipids and other matter block arterial walls
Describe the flow of blood starting with the superior/inferior vena cavae
1. superior/inferior vena cavae
2. right atrium
3. tricuspid valve
4. right ventricle
5. pulmonic valve
6. pulmonary artery
7. lungs
8. pulmonary veins
9. left atrium
10. bicuspid/mitral valve
11. left ventricle
12. aortic valve
13. aorta to systemic circulation
What are the four structures of the hearts conduction system?
SA node (pacemaker)
AV node
Bundle of his (AV bundle)
purkinje fibers (subendocardial fibers)
What are the unique structures in fetal circulation?
placenta
umbilical arteries (2) umbilical vein (1) in cord
ductus venosus
ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale
Venous return of blood to the heart depends on what five mechanisms?
1. strongly beating heart
2. An adequate arterial blood pressure
3. Valves in the veins
4. Pumping action of skeletal muscles as they contract
5. Changing pressures in the chest cavity caused by breathing
Describe the 3 EKG deflection (wave)
P wave: atrial contraction (depolarization)
QRS complex: atrial relaxation (repolarization)
ventricular depolarization
T wave: ventricular repolarization