Atomic Glow-Up
This subatomic particle has a negative charge and is found outside the nucleus.
What is an electron?
Ionic compounds are usually formed between metals and these types of elements.
What are nonmetals?
The substance present in the greatest amount in a solution is called this.
What is the solvent?
A chemical equation must be balanced to obey this law.
What is the law of conservation of mass?
The study of reaction rates is called this.
What is kinetics?
A neutral atom of magnesium has 12 protons and a mass number of 24. This atom contains this number of neutrons.
What is 12?
When H₂O boils, these attractions between particles are overcome, but the covalent O–H bonds inside each water molecule remain intact.
What are intermolecular forces?
I₂ has a higher boiling point than F₂ mainly because I₂ has more electrons and a more easily distorted electron cloud, increasing this intermolecular force.
What are London dispersion forces?
When BaCl₂(aq) and Na₂SO₄(aq) are mixed, BaSO₄ forms because it is insoluble. BaSO₄ is classified as this.
What is a precipitate?
Increasing temperature increases reaction rate because a larger fraction of collisions have enough energy to overcome this barrier.
What is activation energy?
Across Period 3, first ionization energy generally increases because valence electrons experience a stronger attraction from the nucleus. This attraction is described using this term.
What is effective nuclear charge?
CO₂ has polar bonds but is nonpolar overall, while SO₂ is polar overall. The difference is mainly due to this molecular feature.
What is molecular geometry, or molecular shape?
NH₃ has a higher boiling point than PH₃ because NH₃ molecules can form this specific type of intermolecular attraction.
What is hydrogen bonding?
In the reaction Zn(s) + Cu²⁺(aq) → Zn²⁺(aq) + Cu(s), Zn loses electrons. Because Zn causes Cu²⁺ to be reduced, Zn is called this.
What is the reducing agent?
A catalyst changes the reaction pathway but does not change ΔH, ΔG, or this final ratio of products to reactants.
What is the equilibrium constant?
In a PES spectrum, one peak is farther left and much taller than another. The farther-left position represents stronger electron attraction, while the taller height represents this.
What is a greater number of electrons in that sublevel?
A solid does not conduct electricity as a solid, but it conducts when melted or dissolved in water. This behavior suggests its particles are arranged in this type of structure.
What is an ionic lattice?
NaCl dissolves when attractions between water molecules and ions are strong enough to overcome attractions among ions in the crystal and among water molecules. The water-ion attractions are called this.
What are ion-dipole forces?
For AgNO₃(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO₃(aq), Na⁺ and NO₃⁻ are removed from the ionic equation because they are this.
What are spectator ions?
When [A] doubles and [B] stays constant, the reaction rate quadruples. The reaction is this order with respect to A.
What is second order?
A student compares the atomic radius of Na and Mg. Both atoms have valence electrons in the third energy level, but Mg has a smaller atomic radius because its valence electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus. This trend is best explained by the increasing number of these particles in the nucleus.
What are protons?
CO₂ and SO₂ both contain polar bonds, but CO₂ is nonpolar while SO₂ is polar. SO₂ is polar because a lone pair on the central atom gives the molecule this molecular geometry.
What is bent?
A gas sample deviates most from ideal behavior at high pressure and low temperature because particles are closer together and moving more slowly, making these particle-level attractions more significant.
What are intermolecular attractions?
A student mixes Pb(NO₃)₂(aq) and KI(aq), forming a yellow solid. To write the balanced net ionic equation correctly, the student must show Pb²⁺(aq) combining with two iodide ions to form this solid product.
What is PbI₂(s), or lead(II) iodide?
A proposed reaction mechanism may add up to the correct overall equation, but it should be rejected if the rate law predicted by the slow step does not match this.
What is the experimentally determined rate law?