4.1-4.2
1.What is another name for FPTP?
2. What does single member district mean?
3. What does plurality mean?
1. Single member district plurality (FPTP)
2. One person represents that consistuency.
3. Plurality means the candidate with the most votes wins.
Why does FPTP lead to a two-party system?
FPTP leads to a 2 party system because it favors larger parties, making it harder for smaller partners to gain votes. The people feel as if their votes for losing candidates essentially don't count because it based on most votes rather than majority so they vote the two main parties.
What is a unique legislative election rule of Nigeria that enhances democratization?
What is a unique legislative election rule in Mexico?
1. There are 36 states, each get 3 senators. Each state has 3 districts, and senators are elected via FPTP in those states. There is a possibility of 3 senators, 3 unique districts, and having multiple parties represented from each state.
2. In Mexico, the senators do not run as individuals but instead as a party ticket. the party ticket that wins the most votes in the state, both tickets will represent that state in the senate. This guarantees every state at least two parties represented.
What countries use run-off elections?
how are run-off elections done in Russia and iran?
Why might a country use run-off elections?
Nigeria, Iran, and Russia use run off elections.
In Russia and Iran's chief elections, if there is no majority winner in round 1, the top two candidates with the most votes in round 1 face off in round 2.
A country might use run-off elections to establish a run-off system to build or increase legitimacy of the electoral process and winning candidate.
mexico was once a dominant party under the pri.
1. How did the pri keep in power?
2. How did Mexico transition to a multi-party system.
1. The pri kept in power through manipulating the election system to establish itself as the dominant party.
2. Mexico transitioned to a multi-party system through the creating of independent electoral commissions, from IFE to then INE to promote the integrity of elections.
1.How does FPTP/SMDP systems work?
2. What is on the ballot?
1. There is one representative per district, The representative is the candidate who received the most votes in the district. Only the most votes is required.
2. On the ballot, the voters only select a single candidate.
what is a unique aspect of elections in the UK?
The UK has 650 electoral districts, each with a small population. The smaller parties with more concentrated voting bases benefit from this.
What is Nigeria's election formula?
What is Mexico's gender quota?
Nigeria's election formula is 25% of 2/3rds of the state for representation of all regions.
Mexico's gender quota requires a certain percentage of female candidates to run for SMDP positions and/or have a required percentage of women placed in PR seats based on what the party has earned.
What party system does each country have? What are the parties called?
Iran:
Mexico:
Nigeria:
Russia:
U.k:
Iran: no formal political parties- conservatives, and reformers.
Mexico: Multi-party (pan, PRI, Morena, PRD)
Nigeria: Multiparty (APC, PDP)
Russia: Dominant party - United Russia
U.K. - two party system- Conservatives and labour.
U.k:
3. Which party in Nigeria was the dominant party from 1999-2015? 2015 TO PRESENT?
. how are political parties in Nigeria organized? How does this cause problems in democracy?
1. From 1999-2015, the dominant party of Nigeria was the PDP. From 2015 to present, it's been the APC.
Political parties in Nigeria are organized along ethnic, regional and religious lines, resulting in political violence and weak party structures that hurt democracy.
1. What system is multi-members per district?
2. What is multimember district?
3. What country uses MMD? (has elections, unicameral)
4. What do voters vote for in the PR system?
1. The PR system. (proportional representation.)
2. Multi-member districts is when there is more than one person that represents the people in it's constituency.
3. Iran is unicameral so it's parliament has a mix of SMD and MMD.
2. In the PR system, voters vote for the party rather than a candidate.
what are 2 pros of FPTP?
WHAT are 2 cons of FPTP?
pros: keeps representatives accountable
more voter control as they vote for individual candidates rather than a party.
Cons- less voter turn out as the people feel as though their vote does not stand a chance in winning
minority groups do receive an equitable distribution of seats. (10% of votes but not 10% of seats in parliament.)
What is a similarity and difference in Mexico's and Nigeria's election rules?
Difference
Mexico uses a mixed system in the lower house with both FPTP and PR. Nigeria just uses FPTP
Mexico has a gender quota, Nigeria does not.
Similarity
Mexico and Nigeria both have 3 senators repping each state.
How PUTIN end up with a dominant party?
2. Describe a multi-party system,
3. describe a dominant party system
Putin ended up with a dominant party by manipulating election system rules to prevent smaller parties from winning seats via PR elections. He did this by having a high threshold to earn seats.
2. In a multi-party system, three or more parties are electorally competitive and/or hold power.
In a dominant party system, one party controls the government, although other parties exist.
U.k who votes for these parties?
Conservative
labour
liberal democrats
Scottish national party
Conservative - countryside people, wealthy people, and business owners.
labour- mostly workers and young people
liberal democrats- those who oppose Brexit, middle-class proffesionals.
Scottish national party- Scottish people are the main voters.
1. How does a PR SYSTEM (" party list system") work?
2. What electoral system does China (NPC) have? What electoral system do they use?
What about iran (Maijles) and it's electoral system?
Russia and it's electoral system (Federation council, and Duma)
1. In a PR system, each party is awarded with the same percentage of legislative seats as the vote that they received.
2. China (unicameral)- NPC, indirect elections by local government.
Iran (unicameral)- Maijles- Single member district, and multi-member districts.
Russia (bicameral)- Fed council- Appointed Duma- FPTP AND PR
how does Proportional representation lead to a multi-party system?
What are 2 pros of PR?
What are 2 cons of PR?
1. it leads to a multi party system because your percentage of votes is your percentage of seats so multiple parties can be in parliament at the same time.
Pros of PR: -maximizes voter participation
-Guarantees fairness
Cons: - Weakening between the link of members of parliament and the constituents/people.
-Need for coalition can lead to legislative gridlock.
What about iran?
And china?
Russia's duma is half elected through fptp and PR. An election rule in Russia is a 5% threshold which is a minimum percentage of votes that a candidate or party must receive to qualify for seats in parliament.
Iran's Majles has an election rule where 5 of the 290 seats in parliament are reserved for non-Muslim religious minorities.
China's election rule is that the NPC is indirectly elected by local government but candidates are highly vetted and needed to be approved by communist officials.
How does a multi-party system affect policy making?
How does a dominant party system affect policy making?
How can a regime change from authoritarian to democratic impact party system?
1 A multi-party system gives voice to minority, ethnic, or regionalist parties in the policy process
2. A dominant party system creates policies intended to keep the party in power.
3. Countries that transition from authoritarian to democratic are more likely to hold free and fair elections that permit a change from a single-party to a two-party or multiparty system.
WHo votes for these parties in Mexico?
PRI-
PAN-
PRD-
Morena-
2. What happened to the PRI?
PRI- older, traditional voters from areas where the PRI dominated.
PAN- people in northern Mexico, people who support nafta, and business people.
PRD- people in the south and middle class people.
Morena- older, uneducated people from the south.
2. From 1929-1982, the pri won every election. After nafta, the pri started to decline.
These electoral systems enhance democratization.
What is the electoral system of Mexico (senate, chamber of deputies)?
What is the electoral system of U.k (house of lords, house of commons.)?
What is the electoral system of Nigeria (senate, house of representations?
What is the electoral system of Mexico?
Senate- MMD and PR
Deputies- FPTP and PR (mixed)
What is the electoral system of U.k?
House of lords- appointed
House of commons- FPTP
U.K uses FPTP
What is the electoral system of Nigeria?
Senate- Fptp House- Fptp
Nigeria USES FIRST PAST THE POST
why does Nigeria use inec, and Mexico uses ife?
(independent electoral commissions.)
Nigeria and Mexico use independent electoral commissions to reduce the impact of corrupt practices upon election results.
what is a similarity in Mexico and Russia?
What is a difference in Mexico and Russia?
Both use a mixed system of PR and FPTP in their electoral system of lower house
Mexico's changes in election system has led to a muliti-party system whereas Russia's has led to a dominant party system.
how do election rule changes affect representation of different social groups? IRAN AND CHINA
iran- the guardian council vets candidates for the majles, ensuring that they adhere to Islamic principles. This can limit the representation of ethnic minorities.
China- The ccp controls the electoral processs and ensures that only approved candidates are allowed to run. This limits the representation of different ethnic groups and viewpoints.
how do social groups-- the zapitistas-- affect political change?
The zapitistas, a militant group protesting against NAFTA and for the recognition of indigenous groups, affected political change by influencing policy making and causing the government to make reforms, including constitutional recognition of indigenous rights.