switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the speaker
What is ad hominem
100
introduces the reader to the subject
What is an introduction
100
expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience
What is warrant
100
evidence accessed through research, reading, and investigation; includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data
What is second-hand evidence
100
a logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle and applying it to a specific case
What is deductive reasoning
200
a fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence
What is circular reasoning
200
states the argument's main idea or proposition
What is a claim
200
further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority
What is backing
200
includes things that can be measured cited counted or otherwise represented in numbers
What is quantitative evidence
200
a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization
What is inductive reasoning
300
occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority
What is appeal to false authority
300
provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand, or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing
What is narration
300
gives voice to possible objections
What is rebuttal
300
does not list all the points a writer intends to make in an essay
What is open thesis
300
a logical structure that uses the major and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion
What is syllogism
400
claiming that something is a cause of an event simply because it happened earlier when this might not be true
What is post hoc ergo propter hoc
400
usually the major part of the text, includes proof needed to make the writer's case
What is confirmation
400
explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier
What is reservations
400
based on something the writer knows from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events
What is first-hand evidence
400
compares two things that are not comparable
What is faulty analogy
500
a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea
What is straw man
500
based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating
What is Rogerian Argument
500
words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely, that are used to temper the claim and make it less absolute
What is qualifier
500
a statement of the main idea that also previews the major points the writer intends to make
What is closed thesis
500
a process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion