Age of Reformation
German monk who challenged Church practices with 95 theses in 1517
Who is Martin Luther?
devastating conflict, largely fought in the Holy Roman Empire, that began as a religious struggle between Catholics and Protestants and evolved into a political battle for European power
What is the 30 years' war?
French king; declared “I am the state.”
Who is Louis XIV?
intellectual and cultural movement that challenged the traditional structures of power in Europe
What is the Enlightenment?
French military and political leader who rose during the late French Revolution; later crowned himself Emperor
Who is Napoleon?
this Congress attempted to restore balance after Napoleon
What is the Congress of Vienna?
Protestant reformer that established a theocratic government in Geneva
Who is John Calvin?
peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years’ War
What is the Peace of Westphalia?
symbolized royal power and control over nobles; palace
What is the palace of Versailles?
social settings that allowed intellectual discussion and help spread ideas
What are salons?
this estate represented common people
What is the "Third Estate"?
Prussian-born statesman who unified Germany
Who is Otto Von Bismarck?
English king who broke from the Catholic Church to secure a divorce
Who is Henry VIII?
this 1572 massacre killed thousands of Huguenots in Paris
What is the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre?
Russian ruler who modernized and westernized his country
Who is Peter the Great?
dramatic increase in the consumption and variety of luxury and manufactured goods, shifting buying habits from necessity to desire, particularly among the middle class
What is the consumer revolution?
radical phase of the French Revolution characterized by extreme violence, political repression, and mass executions of "enemies of the revolution"
What is the "Reign of Terror"?
name given to use of practical, ruthless politics based on power and national interest rather than ideology or morality
What is Realpolitik?
Roman Catholic religious order crucial to the Counter-Reformation; emphasized education, discipline, and missionary work under Ignatius of Loyola
Who are the Jesuits?
signed in 1598 by Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) to restore peace after brutal conflicts like the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
What is the Edict of Nantes?
his reign serves as a key case study in balancing absolute rule with enlightened ideals to build a modernized, centralized bureaucratic state
*Bonus for country
Who is Frederick the Great?
What is Prussia?
artistic and intellectual movement in Europe that revived classical Greek and Roman aesthetics, emphasizing order, symmetry, and reason over Rococo’s frivolity
What is Neoclassicism?
document that declared natural rights and equality
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man?
this war helped lead to German unification
What is the Franco-Prussian War?
landmark treaty ending religious warfare between Catholic and Lutheran forces in the Holy Roman Empire; allowed German princes to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism
What is the Peace of Augsburg?
Protestant group in France that followed Calvinist beliefs
Who are the Huguenots?
name given to the use of absolute power to impose reforms, promoting education and law, yet still retaining total control
What is "Enlightened Absolutism"?
name given to the urban middle class that emerged from the medieval period, becoming the dominant economic force during the Industrial Revolution
What is bourgeoisie?
pivotal defiance act where the French Third Estate, locked out of the Estates-General; would not disband until they drafted a written constitution; ended with National Assembly
What is the Tennis Court Oath?
conservative, post-Napoleonic system where major European powers—Austria, Russia, Prussia, Britain, and later France—met regularly to maintain a balance of power, suppress liberal/nationalist revolutions, and ensure peace
bonus: who led
What is the Concert of Europe?
Who is Klemens von Metternich?