Intellectual Revolutions
the Royalists (Cavaliers) and Parliamentarians (Roundheads) fought each other in this war.
the English Civil War
These upper-class elites kept their status even while kings gained more power during the age of absolutism.
The Nobility
This meeting tried to suppress nationalism and restore monarchies in Europe.
The Congress of Vienna
This nation had resources, capital, and political stability that helped it industrialize first.
Great Britain
These were effects of rapid urbanization during industrialization
Cities became crowded and dirty, and diseases spread quickly
These two natural philosophers advanced new methods of scientific thinking-mathematical, experimental, & rational- during the Scientific Revolution
Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes
The three main social groups in France before 1789.
First, Second, and Third Estates (nobility, clergy, and everyone else?)
This conservative diplomat led efforts to restore the old order and prevent revolutions.
Metternich
These transformed transportation and helped spread industry across countries.
Railroads
French socialist who advocated reforms for factory workers.
Flora Tristan
This philosopher believed people were naturally selfish and needed a strong government to keep order.
Thomas Hobbes
Members of the Estate General promised to stay to write France's first constitution with this promise
Tennis Court Oath
This ideology promoted independence movements and challenged old regimes after 1815.
Nationalism
This system relied on workers making goods at home before factories
the putting-out system
This early 19th-century movement imagined perfect societies where people shared work and property.
utopian socialism
This scientist’s use of the telescope helped prove Copernicus’s heliocentric theory.
Galileo Galilei
This reform served as a model for legal systems across Europe even after 1815
the Napoleonic Code
He freed Russian serfs in 1861 to modernize and reform the country.
Tsar Alexander II
This system centralized work in one location and used machines for mass production.
The factory system
This artistic and literary movement had themes that emphasized nature, emotion, and the individual.
Romanticism
This philosopher believed that man was naturally good, and governments were created to protect one's life and property.
John Locke
This was a major impact of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars
The spread of nationalism throughout Europe.
These two countries unified through war, diplomacy, and nationalism in the 19th century.
Germany and Italy
This new power source replaced water and animal power, helping factories grow and cities expand.
The steam engine
He believed that history was shaped by class struggle and that workers would eventually overthrow capitalism.
Karl Marx