Early Modern & Renaissance
This event decimated the populations of Europe and caused many to resort to asceticism in order to cope or understand with what happened.
the Black Death
Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation by publishing these complaints and nailing them to the Church wall
95 Theses
The death of this monarch marked the end of the Tudor dynasty and left England with no heir
Queen Elizabeth I
This philosopher coined the term, Enlightenment
Immanuel Kant
Name the Four Ninja Turtles of the Renaissance
Leonardo, Raphael, Michelangelo, Donatello
Name given to the years in which Europe experienced a crisis of faith with the competition of TWO popes - one in Rome and one in Avagnon
The Great Schism
One of the major differences between Luther and other sects of Christianity was in their views towards the symbolic or literal interpretation of the eucharist. This is called what
Transubstantiation vs Consubstantiation
This English law decreed that the King must have Parliament’s permission to tax, arbitrary imprisonment, quartering of soldiers in private houses, and declaring martial law during peacetime.
Petition of Right
The American Revolution was mostly influenced by this philosopher that wrote Common Sense
Thomas Paine
This artistic movement shaped 19th-century nationalism, inspiring political movements and cultural revival by emphasizing individual and collective identity through emotion, heritage, and the arts.
Romanticism
This series of conflicts over fought between England and France over claim of the French throne rested on the tax contributions from the peasant class and indebted Europe deeply.
The Hundred Years War
This theologian believed in predestination, or the idea that every soul was predestined for heaven or hell from birth
John Calvin
The English Civil War was fought between these two factions
Parliamentarians versus the Royalists
This group, composed mostly of the sans-culottes, pushed for the execution of Louis XIV, disbanding the monarchy and establishing a republic in France
Paris Commune
Contrast of light and shadow to give volume and 3D effect
chiaroscuro
These people believed that education would allow people to realize their fullest potential and become productive citizens; over time, they believed that universities (and scholars), rather than the Church (and clergy) should oversee intellectual life
Humanists
This treaty ended the Thirty Years War and any hopes that Europe would be united under a singular Christian faith
Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
The event marked the end of the English Civil War with the peaceful transition of power handed to William and Mary
The Glorious Revolution
Under the leadership of Maximillian Robespierre, this entity enacted a Reign of Terror on France to subdue any opposition or alleged counterrevolutionaries
Committee of Public Safety
This movement exemplifies the ostentatious nature of the age of absolutism where architecture was ornate and gilded
Baroque Movement
The emergence of mercantilism, the creation of joint-stock companies, and rapid rise of goods during the Renaissance and Age of Exploration were part of the
Commercial Revolution
These series of meetings surrounding the reform of the Catholic Church–– specifically indulgences, pluralism, and simony–– resulted in some changes but an overall buckling down on the major beliefs of the Catholic Church such as faith through scripture and transubstantiation. What is this meeting called?
Council of Trent
This is the gradual process of transitioning from open, public land to private plots. This transformed the English landscape and led to the displacement of many well-off English peasant and middle class people; ultimately contributing to the settlement of the English colonies
Enclosure Movement
This meeting marked the attempt to restore the balance of power in Europe after Napoleonic rule, restore the Bourbon monarchies, and stop nationalist movements in Europe
Congress of Vienna
This artistic movement is characterized by the distortion of the human figure and emphasizes elegance, and strong emotion
Mannerism