Renaissance
This family dominated Florence during the Renaissance and were patrons of the arts, including funding Michelangelo and Botticelli.
Who are the Medici?
This Portuguese prince sponsored navigational schools and expeditions down the African coast.
Who is Henry the Navigator?
This German monk posted his 95 Theses in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation.
Who is Martin Luther?
This monarch's reign epitomized absolutism in France, symbolized by his palace at Versailles.
Who is Louis XIV?
This heliocentric model challenged the Ptolemaic system.
What is the Copernican model?
This event in 1789 marked the beginning of the French Revolution when the Third Estate took an oath not to separate until a new constitution was created.
What is the Tennis Court Oath?
This 16th-century treaty ended the religious conflict in France and granted Huguenots limited rights.
What is the Edict of Nantes?
Identify the work by Castiglione that defined the ideal Renaissance courtier.
What is The Book of the Courtier?
Identify the treaty that divided the non-European world between Spain and Portugal in 1494.
What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?
Identify the agreement that allowed German princes to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism in their territories.
What is the Peace of Augsburg?
Identify the event in 1688 that marked the transition to constitutional monarchy in England.
What is the Glorious Revolution?
Identify the English scientist who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Who is Isaac Newton?
Identify the Napoleonic legal code that standardized laws across his empire.
What is the Napoleonic Code?
Identify the dynasty that ruled the Holy Roman Empire during much of early modern European history.
What is the Habsburg dynasty?
This term refers to the intellectual movement that emphasized the study of classical texts to promote civic virtue.
This economic theory emphasized accumulating bullion and maintaining a favorable balance of trade.
What is mercantilism?
This council reaffirmed Catholic doctrines in response to the Reformation.
What is the Council of Trent?
This theory justified absolute rule by claiming monarchs derived authority from God.
What is the divine right of kings?
This Enlightenment thinker advocated for the separation of powers in government.
Who is Montesquieu?
This event allowed European powers to restore a balance of power to Europe through the form of traditional monarchies.
What is the Congress of Vienna?
This financial innovation during the Dutch Golden Age facilitated global trade.
What is the Amsterdam Stock Exchange?
Identify how the Commercial Revolution influenced the Italian Renaissance.
What is the influx of wealth from trade, particularly in city-states like Venice and Florence, which funded artistic patronage and the growth of banking families like the Medici, fostering the cultural and intellectual flourishing of the Renaissance?
Identify a specific technological innovation that facilitated long-distance oceanic navigation.
What is the astrolabe, caravel, or lateen sail?
Identify a major outcome of the Thirty Years' War in European politics.
What is the weakening of the Holy Roman Empire or the rise of state sovereignty with the Peace of Westphalia?
Identify a major reform or policy of Peter the Great that centralized authority in Russia.
What is the establishment of St. Petersburg or the modernization of the military?
Identify a specific way Enlightenment ideals influenced political revolutions.
What is the emphasis on natural rights, social contracts, or popular sovereignty?
Identify a specific cause of the French Revolution.
What is widespread financial crisis, inequality among estates, or Enlightenment influence?
Identify a specific way the printing press impacted European society.
What is the dissemination of Reformation ideas, scientific knowledge, or vernacular literature?
Explain the relationship between Renaissance art, the concept of human potential, and religious beliefs.
What is Renaissance art heavily reflected the concept of human potential by depicting the human form with great detail and beauty, often portraying biblical figures as realistically human-like, all while still drawing inspiration from religious beliefs?
Perspective, chiaroscuro, proportions, classical themes, da Vinci, Michelangelo, etc.
Explain how the Columbian Exchange reshaped European society.
What is the introduction of new crops such as potatoes and maize, which improved diet and population growth, or how imported goods fostered global trade networks?
Explain the political and economic consequences of the Reformation on the Holy Roman Empire.
What is the fragmentation of political authority due to the rise of Protestant states challenging Catholic dominance, leading to conflicts such as the Thirty Years’ War, and the economic impact of confiscated church lands, which enriched Protestant rulers and altered the economic power dynamics?
Explain the role of the English Bill of Rights in shaping constitutional governance.
What is its restriction of royal authority by establishing parliamentary supremacy and guaranteeing individual rights, such as freedom of speech within Parliament, the right to petition the king, freedom from cruel and unusual punishment, the right to bear arms, freedom from excessive bail, and the principle that no taxes could be levied without Parliament's approval?
Explain the tension between science and religion during the Scientific Revolution.
What is the challenge posed by empirical evidence to traditional doctrines, such as Galileo's conflict with the Catholic Church?
Explain the significance of the Concordat of 1801 in Napoleon's regime.
What is its role in reconciling the Catholic Church with the French state to gain popular support?
Explain the impact of the Little Ice Age on early modern European societies.
What is its contribution to agricultural decline, food shortages, and social unrest?