Philosophers
His groundbreaking work, "On the Origin of Species," established the theory of evolution by natural selection
Charles Darwin
Key industries
Textiles, iron production, and railroads were prominent.
This congress aimed to establish a lasting peace after the Napoleonic Wars, redrawing the map of Europe and attempting to suppress revolutionary movements.
The Congress of Vienna
Created base on unifying languages
National language
1st Bourgeosie want representation
2nd lower classes want workers rights and representation in govt.
goals of France 1848
Explored themes of nihilism, the will to power, and the death of God.
Friedrich Nietzsche
social changes
Rural populations migrated to cities, leading to rapid urbanization and the development of working-class movements.
dramatically altered the European landscape, leading to the collapse of empires and the redrawing of borders.
world war I
Some argued nationalism was based on eliminating dynastic states and having administrative and economic efficiency
Nationhood
Germans want unification into one German govt. and civil liberties
goals of german states 1848
His work with Friedrich Engels laid the groundwork for Marxism, a revolutionary theory of history, society, and economics.
Karl Marx
technological advancements
Steam engines, water-powered machinery, and the factory system significantly increased production and efficiency.
marked the rise of powerful new nation-states on the European continent.
unification of Germany and Italy
Student association of German nationalists
Burschenschaften
Germans want unification into one German govt. and civil liberties
goals of Austrian empire 1848
He was a leading proponent of utilitarianism and a major figure in classical liberalism, advocating for individual liberty and democratic reform.
rise of capitalism
fostered the growth of capitalism and the development of new economic institutions, like stock exchanges.
brought about significant economic and social changes, including urbanization, the development of new technologies, and the growth of factories.
industrial revolution
practically drive the liberals out of politics and into near illegal status
ultraroyalists
people want a Unified Italy, free from foreign control
goals of italy 1848
A central figure in German Idealism, Hegel's philosophy explored the dialectical process and the concept of Spirit or Absolute Idealism.
George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
increased productivity
New machines and techniques dramatically increased the efficiency and output of various industries, particularly textiles and iron making.
challenged existing political and social structures, reflecting the growing influence of liberalism and socialism.
revolutions
persons of Spanish descent born in the south American colonies
creoles
Sees united Germany as something that will strengthen / benefit Prussia
Otto Von Bismarck