Renaissance
Italian Humanists promoted a revival in classical literature. Give an example of one of these humanists.
Petrarch, Lorenzo Valla, Marsilio Ficino,or Pico Dello Mirandola
European states sought direct access to gold spices and luxury goods as a means to enhance personal wealth and state power. This is an example of what three motives for exploration.
God, Glory, Gold
What type of humanism embodied in the writings of Erasmus employed renaissance learning in the service of religious reform?
Christian Humanism
Following what treaty was religion no longer a cause for warfare among European states.
Peace of Westphalia
What invention led the Catholic Church to shift educational focus away from theology and towards the study of classical texts?
Printing Press
The rise of what economic theory gave the state a new role in promoting commercial development and the acquisition of colonies overseas.
Mercantilism
The catholic reformation exemplified by what group revived the church but cemented division within Christianity.
Jesuits or Council of Trent
After the peace of Westphalia ended the last war of religion what played an important role in structuring diplomatic/military objectives?
Balance of Power
The Printing Press encouraged the growth of texts written in what?
The Vernacular
Europeans expanded the African slave trade in response to the establishment of what type of economy in the Americas?
Plantation Economy
What two protestant religions refused to recognize the subordination of the church to the state?
Anabaptist and Calvinists
What revolution tipped the balance of power towards states able to marshal sufficient resources for the new military environment?
Military Revolution
Who were the sponsors of renaissance art that were concerned with enhancing their prestige?
Princes and Popes
The center of economic power shifted from the Mediterranean to where due to the exchange of goods.
Atlantic states
The efforts of what ruling family failed yo restore catholic unity across Europe.
Hapsburgs
What states allowed religious pluralism in order to maintain domestic peace?
Poland, France, Netherlands
What human-centered belief considered individuals and everyday life appropriate objects of artistic representation?
Naturalism
What country established a commercial network along the African coast, in South and East Asia, and in South America?
Portuguese
Give an example of a ruler who initiated religious reform from the top down in an effort to exercise greater control over religious life and morality(State actions)?
Henry VIII or Elizabeth I
Give an example of how states exploited religious conflicts to promote political economic interests.
Spanish Armada, Revolt of the Netherlands, 30 Years War