The Protestant Reformation
This German monk challenged Church practices with his 95 Theses in 1517.
Who is Martin Luther?
This technology helped spread Protestant ideas quickly throughout Europe.
What is the printing press?
This series of civil conflicts between Catholics and Protestants devastated France in the late 16th century.
What are the French Wars of Religion?
This religious order, founded by Ignatius of Loyola, led missionary and educational efforts.
Who are the Jesuits?
As urban migration changed European societies, the onus of enforcing moral norms shifted from the church to ______.
What is the state or local municipalities?
This Protestant leader in Geneva promoted a strict moral code and predestination.
Who is John Calvin?
These two Protestant groups resisted state control of religion.
Who are the Puritans and Anabaptists?
This 1648 treaty ended the Thirty Years’ War and allowed princes to choose their state's religion.
What is the Peace of Westphalia?
This tribunal was used by the Catholic Church to combat heresy.
What is the Roman Inquisition?
This celebration, often tied to the agricultural calendar, were seen as a display of moral debauchery.
This group, seen as radical reformers, rejected infant baptism and church-state union.
Who are the Anabaptists?
This movement combined Renaissance learning with religious reform, especially in Northern Europe.
What is Christian humanism?
This 1598 edict by Henry IV granted religious toleration to Huguenots.
What is the Edict of Nantes?
This Catholic institution was created to censor books considered heretical.
What is the Index of Prohibited Books?
This denomination of Protestantism took a more progressive stance toward women, often allowing them in leadership positions in the church.
What is Anabaptism?
This theological belief, associated with Calvin, emphasized God’s foreknowledge of all salvation.
What is predestination?
This Protestant group in France challenged royal authority and sparked religious wars.
Who are the Huguenots?
This powerful Catholic royal family sought to restore religious unity in Europe.
Who are the Habsburgs?
This council reaffirmed Catholic doctrines and reformed Church abuses.
What is the Council of Trent?
This social phenomenon, often targeting women, peaked between 1580 and 1650.
What are witchcraft accusations?
This is the sin of buying or selling spiritual gifts or ecclesiastical offices, such as priesthood or bishopric
What is simony?
This English monarch broke from Rome and created the Church of England.
Who is Henry VIII?
This 1572 massacre of Protestants occurred at a royal wedding in France.
What is the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre?
This term refers to the miraculous change of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus Christ during the Eucharist, performed during Catholic communion.
What is transubstantiation?
This term refers to the traditional debate about the nature and roles of women.
What is the Querelle des Femmes?