Italian Renaissance
What is geometric perspective?
perspective style of painting where 3D images are drawn on a 2D surface.
Vanishing points
How did the Northern Renaissance start?
Italian ideas spread through trade, traveling scholars, and printing press
What was the major impact of the printing press?
Made books cheaper which led to increased literacy rates among the commoners. Helped spread ideas across Europe. Laid the groundwork for the Protestant Reformation.
What is New Monarchies? How was it different from the feudal kings?
Weakened feudal nobility
Centralized government (codified laws, taxation, etc.)
Standing army (state funded militaries rather than noble armies)
National identity (State propaganda, common legal codes)
Controlled the Clergy (reduced papal influence, royal authority over religious institutions)
Name one social/cultural effect of the Columbian Exchange.
Indigenous population died from smallpox, measles, influenza, typhus
Encomienda System
Chattel Slavery
Syncretism
What is double-entry bookkeeping?
What is the historical context (cause) of the Italian Renaissance?
Classical Revival of Ancient Greek and Roman texts and art that were preserved by Byzantine and Islamic intellectuals.
Italy had the remanent of the Ancient Rome and Greek architecture and art.
Name all the European countries that are considered part of the Northern Renaissance.
England, France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg and Poland
What term describes the distinct cultural identities that emerged in European nations through vernacular literature and local traditions?
National cultures
What were the Nobles of the Robe?
New class of nobles who brought their titles from the New Monarchies or gave financial support to the Monarchs.
What economic impact did the Columbian Exchange have?
Cash crops (tobacco, sugar, cacao, cotton)
Plantation system
Establishment of the Transatlantic slave trade/middle passage
The Dutch East India Company is best understood as an example of which commercial innovation from the Commercial Revolution?
Joint-stock trading monopoly
What is Humanism? Who was the father of humanism?
Humanism is the belief that humans have unlimited potential.
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) was the Father of Humanism who promoted human potential, classical education, and secular literature over religious dogma (religion is perfect therefore cannot be challenged)
Who was Erasmus of Rotterdam? And what were his beliefs?
Erasmus was a Christian humanist who believed in reforming the church through education, return to classical sources, peaceful reforms and human free will.
What agricultural innovations emerged during the 16th-18th centuries?
Crop rotations
New World crops (potatoes, tomatoes, corn, etc.)
Manure fertilizers
What were the Nobles of the Sword?
Old aristocrats who had hereditary land ownership and provided medieval military service to the kingdom.
Evaluate the most significant motivation for the European voyages of discovery and exploration in the period 1450 to 1600.
God, Gold, and Glory
How did commercial developments between 1450s and 1648 affect European agricultural production?
Commercialization increased landowner wealth (enclosure movement in England)
A Florentine merchant family commissions Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel with anatomically precise, emotionally expressive figures. Which development of the Italian Renaissance does this reflect?
Wealthy patrons funded classical, human centered artworks that emphasized anatomy and individual dignity. (Humanism)
What does Bruegel's focus on peasants and daily life reveal about how humanism adapted in Northern Europe?
A. Northern artist rejected humanism and returned to medieval symbolism
B. Humanist focus stayed on individual experience but shifted to common people
C. Northern art abandoned humanism and became a purely religious movement.
B. Humanist focus stayed on individual experience but shifted to common people
What inventions/innovations were made that allowed for the exploration of the Americas?
Quinine (Cure for Malaria)
Compass
Caravel
Astrolabe
Sternpost rudder
Cartography
What impact of the Peace of Augsburg (1555)? How did it expand the New monarchies powers?
A treaty that allowed the coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism within the Holy Roman Empire but only for rulers. It ended the Schmalkaldic War (Holy Roman Emperor vs Lutheran supporters)
What were the motivations for the Age of Exploration?
God, gold, and glory
Which European country was the Bank of Amsterdam located? What was significant about this?
Netherlands
First modern bank that managed currency and monetary policy.
What was Machiavelli's The Prince main argument?
Rulers must do anything to maintain power over personal morals and beliefs. It is better to be feared than to be loved. The ends justified the means.
How did Northern Renaissance artistic techniques differ from those of the Italian Renaissance?
Realistic details, complex symbolism, oil paints, and subject matter focuses on everyday people's lives rather than purely religious.
What is mercantilism?
Accumulate gold & silver
Export more than import
strong navy to protect trade and colonies
Strong state regulation of trade (Colonies can only trade with motherland)
How did Spain/England (Choose one) expanded monarchial power?
Spain: Ferdinand & Isabella (1469)
Centralized Taxes
Excluded nobles from royal councils
Hermandades standing militia loyal to the crown
Spanish Inquisition to unify the country under Catholicism
Henry VII & Henry VIII
War of Roses that eliminated the York nobles
Star Chamber that punished disloyal nobles
Act of Supremacy-Henry VIII declared himself the head of the church not the Catholic pope
Anglican reform
Name one Portuguese/Spaniard explorer.
Prince Henry the Navigator
Vasco Da Gama
Christopher Columbus
Amerigo Vespucci
Ferdinand Magellan
Hernan Cortes (conquered Aztec)
Francisco Pizarro (conquered Inca)
What happened during the price revolution of 16th-17th centuries?
Long term inflation across western Europe that was caused by New World Silver and Gold from Spanish colonies. Food prices soared and while standard of living dropped. Rise of the merchant class