While this invention was instrumental to a general increase of literacy, it also made it possible for religious reformers to defend their positions and respond to those who would try to tear them down.
Printing Press
Mother to the 11-year old King Charles the IX of France, she acted as regent and ruler and was a key figure in a good deal of the religious and political conflict of the 16th century.
Catherine de 'Medici
Response to the great number of people leaving this faith. Attempted to address some of the many grievances that people had with their traditions and leadership practices.
Catholic Reformation
This religious group was less patriarchal than others and let women hold some leadership positions.
Anabaptist
These artists wanted to replace traditional principles of balance and harmony with more distortion and illusion to add drama to their works.
Mannerism
Religious group whose followers made up roughly 40% of the French nobles and were, therefore, highly involved in political conflict and the struggle for power.
Huguenots
These warring families, one from Spain and one from France, fought from 1494 to 1559 for control of the Italian peninsula.
Habsburgs and Valois
Established by Ignatius Loyola, this all-male Catholic order emphasized a life of poverty, obedience to authority, prayer, and communal living.
Jesuits
This form of medieval punishment put the offender on a bench with ankles closed into holes on boards for hours at a time. Sometimes, the wrists were also similarly restrained.
Stocks
This style of both art and architecture, while influenced by the Renaissance, departed from realism and naturalism in favor of dramatic and complex appeals to the senses and an overall more exaggerated look.
Baroque
You know when someone writes something in a language that will be easier for people in a certain region or demographic to understand? Yea, that, but with the word of God.
Vernacular Bible
Eventual winner of the throne after his two other competitors met their untimely deaths via assassination.
Henry of Navarre (Henry the IV)
All-female Catholic order that focused on the education of girls.
Ursulines
Women in this profession were consistently accused of being witches and blamed for a lost pregnancy. Likely, the actual reason was due to a lack of scientific knowledge.
Midwives
This was the main purpose for the commissioning of art in the 16th century as was done by monarchs and the Catholic Church among others.
Enhancement of status and authority
An estimated 10,000 to 20,000 people were killed in this bloodbath ordered by Catherine de' Medici along with the Catholic Guise family.
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
This set of treaties weakened the Holy Roman Empire and with it the hope of there ever being one unified religion in Europe again.
Peace of Westphalia
This meeting, stretching from 1543 to 1563, confirmed Catholic doctrine such as affirming Latin as the official language of the Church and emphasizing the need for the seven sacraments
Council of Trent
This is one of the contributing factors to the high rate of infant morality and low rate of live births during the 16th century (2 options)
-Women married at a later age for economic reasons; less childbearing years
-High number of stillbirths & miscarriages due to lack of medical knowledge and extreme working conditions
The most prominent Baroque painter of northern Europe, this artist traveled throughout European courts painting monarchs, princes, and dukes.
Peter Paul Rubens
A stark departure from classic Catholic belief, this idea championed by Martin Luther and other protestant leaders stated that one's entrance into heaven hinged not on good works, but rather this.
Salvation from faith, not good works
This policy recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France, but also allowed religious freedom in certain provinces, making religious pluralism a reality in France as well as ensuring the safety of Protestants in the country.
Edict of Nantes
She addressed many of the needs for reforms within the Carmelite Order of Catholicism, which many believed had become too materialistic and careless, by demanding complete poverty and the rejection of property.
St. Teresa of Avila
This intellectual movement (further utilized in the US, leading to Revolution), emphasizes the use of logic and reasoning in order to discern right and wrong rather than the use of pure emotion or just following what the Church says.
The Enlightenment
The first widely known female painter of the era, she was one of the most successful followers of Caravaggio and specialized in painting women and the use of lighting to dramatize the emotion of them.
Artemisia Gentileschi