Protestant Reformation
This practice — criticized by Luther in his 95 Theses — involved selling forgiveness to shorten time in purgatory.
Indulgences
This 1534 law made Henry VIII the head of the Church of England.
Act of Supremacy
This meeting reaffirmed Catholic doctrine and reformed abuses between 1545 and 1563.
Council of Trent
This 1598 law granted limited toleration to French Huguenots.
Edict of Nantes
This invention allowed Luther’s ideas to spread rapidly across Europe.
Printing Press
Luther’s doctrine that salvation comes through faith alone, not works, is known by this Latin phrase.
sola fide
She earned the nickname “Bloody Mary” for her persecution of Protestants.
Mary I
This new order, founded by Ignatius Loyola, became the Church’s most important missionary and educational arm.
Jesuits
The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre targeted this religious group.
the Huguenots
Calvinists believed that hard work and worldly success might reflect being among God’s “elect,” known as this concept.
Protestant Work Ethic
Calvin differed from Luther by placing a stronger emphasis on this belief about salvation.
predestination
Puritans criticized Anglican priests as “mere readers” of this book rather than true preachers of Scripture.
Book of Common Prayer
The Council of Trent reaffirmed all of the following except:
A) the importance of sacraments
B) indulgences
C) predestination
C) Predestination
During the Thirty Years’ War, this Catholic country surprisingly supported the Protestant side to weaken the Habsburgs.
France
Give one example of a change in European religious life between 1450–1700.
increased literacy, more Bible reading, religious pluralism, decline of Church influence, etc.
Zwingli and Luther split at the Marburg Colloquy over this specific theological issue.
the nature of the Eucharist
The political cause behind Henry VIII’s break from Rome centered on this failed request.
Annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
Name one Catholic response to Luther that attempted simultaneously to reaffirm doctrine and reform corruption.
the banning of pluralism/absenteeism, reform of priest training, ending the worst indulgence abuses
This 1648 agreement ended the Thirty Years’ War and recognized Calvinism.
Peace of Westphalia
Give one example of a continuity in European religious life between 1450–1700.
religion remained central to community life, festivals continued, religious authority still shaped morality, etc.
This group rejected infant baptism, supported separation of church and state, and was persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants.
Anabaptists
Elizabeth I’s Religious Settlement blended Protestant doctrine with some Catholic ceremony. Name one political effect of this compromise.
religious stability / strengthening of monarch’s authority / reduction of Catholic–Protestant conflict in England
Explain how Catholic reform was both a response to and a rejection of Protestant criticism.
The Church reformed corruption (response) but reaffirmed its doctrines, rejecting Protestant theology (rejection)
Name one long-term political effect of the Thirty Years’ War on the Holy Roman Empire.
fragmentation of German states / decline of Habsburg power / rise of state sovereignty
Explain one way political authorities attempted to control religious practice during the Reformation era.
enforcing state religion (cuius regio), regulating sermons, censoring books, punishing heresy, etc.