Prelude to Reformation
Who was the leading figure of the Christian humanists, advocating for the reform of Christianity?
Desiderius Erasmus
In what year did Martin Luther post his Ninety-Five Theses?
1517
What temporary measure of religious tolerance in France did the Edict of Nantes grant?
Freedom of religion to the Huguenots
Who began the Reformation in Switzerland parallel to Luther?
Huldrych Zwingli
What major social change was influenced by the Reformation?
The empowerment of individual belief over institutional doctrine
What was the major goal of Christian or Northern Renaissance humanism?
Reform of Christianity
What doctrine did Luther develop that became the foundation of the Protestant Reformation?
Justification by faith alone
Which conflict was a result of religious tensions and involved various notable European powers including Spain and France?
The Wars of Religion
Which French reformer founded Calvinism in Geneva?
John Calvin
How did the Reformation affect the political landscape of Europe?
It led to the rise of nation-states and decreased the power of the church over state affairs.
What famous work by Erasmus criticized corrupt practices in society, including those of the clergy?
The Praise of Folly
What was Luther’s response at the Diet of Worms when asked to recant his teachings?
He refused, saying he needed to be shown his errors through scripture and reason.
Who was the Spanish monarch that sought to maintain Catholic uniformity in his territories?
Philip II of Spain
Name the founder of the Anglican Church who broke away from the Catholic Church.
Henry VIII of England
What was a significant cultural impact of the Reformation?
It encouraged translations of the Bible into vernacular languages, increasing literacy and education.
Which English humanist and statesman wrote "Utopia," presenting ideas of an ideal society?
Thomas More
Which two sacraments did Luther retain because he believed they were biblically justified?
Baptism and the Lord’s Supper
What event symbolized the deepening crisis within Christendom, preceding the Reformation?
Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses and the indulgence controversy
Which leader's marriage policies caused significant religious and political upheaval in England?
Henry VIII
Name an economic consequence of the Reformation.
Shift in power and resources from the church to secular rulers and the emerging middle class.
What was the Christian humanists' belief about how to change society?
They believed that reforming education and returning to the sources of Christian antiquity could instill true piety and reform both the church and society.
What did Luther write during his seclusion at the Wartburg Castle?
He translated the New Testament into German.
Which war was directly influenced by religious reformations and involved the Holy Roman Empire and France?
The Thirty Years' War
Who was the radical reformer associated with the Anabaptist movement?
Thomas Müntzer
What was a long-term outcome of the religious conflicts post-Reformation in terms of international relations?
The establishment of the principles of religious tolerance in some regions, notably with the Peace of Westphalia.