Reformation Origins
What are the 95 Theses?
Translating the Bible into these types of languages, such as German, French, and English, helped spread Protestant ideas to laypeople who could not read Latin.
What are vernacular languages?
This group of English Calvinists wanted to "purify" the Church of England
Who were the Puritans?
This devastating European conflict began with a revolt in Bohemia in 1618 and ended in 1648 with a settlement recognizing the sovereignty of individual states.
What is the Thirty Years' War?
This term describes a society in which men control government, public life, and private households.
What is patriarchy?
The Catholic Church's practice of selling these, which were advertised as a way to buy forgiveness for sins, were a key topic of criticism for early reformers.
What are indulgences?
This was an official list of works Catholics were forbidden to read, and was active from 1560 to 1966.
What is the Index of Prohibited Books?
Who were the Huguenots?
This conflict involved Henry III, Henry of Guise, and Henry of Navarre. Its eventual winner converted to Catholicism and started Bourbon rule of France.
What is the War of the Three Henrys?
This pre-Lenten festival featured feasting, role reversal, and revelry before the season of penance.
What is Carnival?
At this 1521 imperial assembly, Charles V demanded that Luther recant his writings. Luther refused and was declared an outlaw.
What is the Diet of Worms?
Participants in this 1524–1525 uprising cited Reformation ideas while demanding economic and political reforms, but Luther condemned their revolt.
What is the German Peasants' War?
These radical reformers embraced adult baptism, pacifism, and an active role of women in the church. Their rejection of secular authority drew widespread persecution.
Who were the Anabaptists?
Issued by Henry IV in 1598, this decree granted French Huguenots limited religious toleration and represented a pragmatic step toward religious pluralism.
What is the Edict of Nantes?
Tintoretto and El Greco used elongated figures, unusual colors, and distorted space in this 16th century artistic style.
What is Mannerism?
Describe ONE of the key Lutheran teachings
What are: Primacy of Scripture; Salvation through faith alone; Priesthood of all believers?
Meeting between 1545 and 1563, this Church council reaffirmed Catholic doctrines such as the seven sacraments, faith and good works, and transubstantiation while also improving clerical discipline.
What is the Council of Trent?
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, this religious order emphasized education, missionary activity, strict discipline, and loyalty to the pope.
Who are the Jesuits or Society of Jesus?
This 1572 event began with the killing of prominent Huguenots in Paris and expanded into widespread anti-Protestant violence under the monarchy associated with Catherine de’ Medici.
What was the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre?
Caravaggio, Artemisia Gentileschi, and Peter Paul Rubens used theatrical movement, emotional intensity, and dramatic contrasts of light and shadow in this style.
What is Baroque?
This German prince gave Luther shelter at Wartburg Castle, where Luther further developed his theology.
Who was Frederick III or Frederick the Wise?
This Spanish mystic reformed the Carmelite order and described profound spiritual visions.
Who is Teresa of Ávila?
This all-female Catholic order focused on the education of girls as a way to rejuvenate the role of religion in society.
Who were the Ursulines or Company of St Ursuline?
This Catholic chief minister placed French political interests above religious unity by supporting Protestant powers against the Habsburgs during the Thirty Years’ War.
Who was Cardinal Richelieu?
This term describes harmful effects supposedly brought by witches, often used to persecute unmarried elderly women.
What is maleficium?