Conquest
These are the "3 Gs" causing European conquest in the Americas.
What are God, Glory and Gold?
This state (country) was absolutist in its struggle to suppress huguenots, nobles, and local provincial governors. Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin helped lead with the MO of "raison d'état" or "reasons of the state".
What is France?
This war pitted the power of the English king against that of the Parliament. After three years of fighting, Parliament's New Model Army defeated the king's armies, but Charles I refused to concede and would eventually be beheaded.
What is the English Civil War?
He first posited that the sun was at the center of the universe. Then, this other guy said that the planets orbit the sun in elipses, rather than circles. Name them both.
Who were Copernicus and Kepler?
This is the buzzword and overall method of the Enlightenment. Kant called it, "The freedom to use one's intelligence." This word also describes how Enlightenment philosophes applied the methods of the scientific revolution to political, social, economic, and religious issues.
What is reason?
Among the technology that enabled European conquest in the Americas were the magnetic compass, gunpowder, the sternpost rudder, and this, which enabled European ships to tack against the wind.
What is the lateen sail?
This "Sun King" is famous for building Versailles, fighting many foreign wars, spending horrifically, and his motto: "L'etat c'est moi," or "I am the state"!
Who was Louis XIV?
This puritan member of the English House of Commons put King Charles I on trial for high treason and had him beheaded.
Who was Oliver Cromwell?
He bothered religious folk with descriptions of the imperfections of the Moon's surface. He also championed heliocentricism, and was investigated by the Roman Inquisition which concluded, "heliocentricism was foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the Holy Scripture."
Who was Galileo?
He rejected the Cartesian idea that people are born with certain basic ideas. Instead, he thought that the human mind at birth was a blank slate, or a "Tabula Rasa." Popular after the Glorious Revolution, he advocated suffrage for property owners as his political theory of government by the consent of the governed was a means to protect "life, liberty and estate." If a king loses the consent of the governed, then a society may remove him (as the what happened in the English Civil War).
Who was John Locke?
The migration of peoples to the New World led to a trade of animals, plants, and disease. This complex process is known as _____.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
Deriving from the Great Chain of Being, this is the belief that the institution of the monarchy had been created by God and the monarch functioned as God's representative on Earth. James I of England believed in this as he said: "God had placed kings on earth to rule and he would judge them in heaven for their transgressions."
What is the Divine Right of Kings?
The succession of the English Protestant Mary and her Dutch husband, Prince William of Orange to the English throne is called this, because the English replaced one king (James II) with another (William), without any bloodshed. This represented the final destruction of the idea of divine-right monarchy for England.
What is the Glorious Revolution?
He was an English physicist and mathematician. He is credited with helping to develop calculus. His "Principia" formulate the laws of motion and universal gravitation. His ideas were hesitantly accepted by clergy because science was seen as a way to combat the emotional issues related to superstitions and the threat of atheism. In other words, he tried to use science to prove the existence of God.
Who was Newton?
This idea espoused by Voltaire and Paine considers God as a "clockmaker." He designed and created the universe, but then steps back and allows it to evolve on its own. Using this ideology, one does not need to pray or even support institutionalized religion, because God doesn't have a hand in everyday life.
What is deism?
This agreement in 1494 gave Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic, and Portugal everything to the east.
What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?
This Russian monarch reformed agriculture, westernized Russia, and made the military change to merit-based promotions and conscription.
Who was Peter the Great?
After the Dutch gained their independence from Spain, Dutch ideas and attitudes shaped the worldview, while the Dutch also developed a republic. This period of Dutch history is called ___________.
What is the Golden Age of the Netherlands?
This idea by Francis Bacon means learning through experience and perception. Today, we think of this as data-driven research that emphasizes the use of experiments based on evidence.
What is empiricism?
This phenomena of the Enlightenment meant that literacy rates in France were higher than they had ever been. People read pamphlets and papers in coffee houses, while lending libraries opened to lend books out to the masses.
What is the Reading Revolution?
The Mexica empire was ruled by this man, from his capital at Tenochtitlàn, now Mexico city. As Hernando Cortès exploited internal division in the Mexica empire, Cortès' forces eventually took over Tenochtitlàn and killed this great leader, who has been unjustly condemned by historians for letting the Spaniards into the city.
Who was Montezuma?
This Prussian absolutist taxed consumption and thus created one of Europe's strongest and most disciplined armies. He also let the military oversee tax collection, thus unifying two branches of governmental bureaucracy.
Who was Frederick William?
This is the appointed executive officer of each Dutch province. Members of the House of Orange usually held this office in several of the 7 provinces, which led to tensions with the staunch republicans who saw members of the House of Orange as having monarchical ambitions. When William and Mary took the English throne, the Dutch Republic continued on without these officers for several decades. What are the offices called?
What are stadholders?
His "On the Fabric of the Human Body" was a medical text that presented the study of human anatomy as specific and based on dissections of dead bodies performed in medical theaters. It included many drawings that aided medical students.
Who was Andreas Vesalius?
This secret society borrowed principles familiar to the Old Regime, such as hierarchy and elitism, but they also maintained principles of individual freedom and the denial of established social strata. Their lodges have similarities to salons, taverns and print culture because here, this society brought Enlightenment ideas to people across classes.
Who were the Freemasons?