Thinkers
Thoughts
Society
Culture
Politics
100
This thinker combined physics, math, and astronomy in his laws of motion and gravitation.
Who is Isaac Newton?
100
This economic system rejects mercantilism and promotes free markets.
What is capitalism?
100
This disease, eliminated in much of Europe by the late 18th century, caused repeated deadly epidemics in earlier centuries.
What is the bubonic plague?
100
This author provided a female perspective on manners, society, and marriage in novels like Pride and Prejudice.
Who is Jane Austen?
100
A type of monarchy in which rulers used Enlightenment ideas to maintain control and modernize their states.
What is enlightened absolutism?
200
This philosophe wrote The Social Contract and believed in the "general will" of the people
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
200
Unlike Descartes’ deductive method, this approach promoted gaining knowledge through observation and specific data.
What is inductive reasoning?
200
This system of planting helped restore soil nutrients and increase yields.
What is crop rotation?
200
This musical movement, associated with Bach and Handel, emphasized grandeur and emotion.
What is the Baroque movement?
200
This 1648 treaty ended the Thirty Years’ War and began the era of sovereign nation-states.
What is the Peace of Westphalia?
300
He used the newly-developed telescope to confirm the heliocentric model and got in trouble with the Catholic Church.
Who is Galileo Galilei?
300
According to John Locke, everyone is born with these three "natural rights."
What are life, liberty, and property?
300
These public gathering places, which could entered for the cost of a penny, helped the spread of Enlightenment ideals.
What are coffeehouses?
300
This refined style of art favored soft colors, curved lines, and scenes of leisure and romance.
What is Rococo?
300
This Prussian king, who called himself the "first servant of the state", believed in using Enlightenment ideals to strengthen the state. He was also a talented flautist.
Who was Frederick II (the Great)?
400
She wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and led to the formation of women's rights groups.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
400
Enlightenment school of thought that emphasized reason over religious tradition but still believed in a creator, often using the watchmaker analogy.
What is deism?
400
These acts privatized common village lands, contributing to rural migration in Britain.
What are the Enclosure Acts?
400
This musical prodigy composed over 600 works and exemplified the Classical era.
Who is Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
400
This Austrian monarch made reforms like abolishing serfdom and promoting religious tolerance.
Who is Joseph II?
500
This advocate of legal reform wrote On Crimes and Punishments, arguing against torture and capital punishment.
Who is Cesare Beccaria?
500
This religious movement in Germany emphasized individual devotion and mystical experience.
What is Pietism?
500
This intimate private room for women reflected 18th century ideals of privacy, comfort, and domesticity.
What is a boudoir?
500
This painter of the Dutch Golden Age, who mostly painted domestic scenes such as The Milkmaid, reflected an emphasis on private life in the growing middle class.
Who is Johannes Vermeer?
500
After inheriting the Habsburg crown, she reorganized the Austrian army and mandated public education.
Who is Maria Theresa?