The Industrial Revolutions
This 1769 invention by James Watt used coal-heated water to power machinery, eventually allowing factories to move away from rivers.
What is the steam engine?
This political philosophy, rooted in John Locke’s work, emphasizes individual rights, limited government, and popular sovereignty.
What is liberalism?
This Austrian foreign minister was the "honest broker" of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and a fierce opponent of liberal movements.
Who was Klemens von Metternich?
Hosted by Bismarck in 1884, this meeting established the rules for the "Scramble for Africa" to prevent war among European powers.
What was the Berlin Conference?
This early 19th-century artistic movement was a backlash against Enlightenment rationalism, emphasizing emotion, nature, and the sublime.
What is Romanticism?
This 1856 method for mass-producing steel revolutionized the industry by removing impurities from pig iron through a chemical process
What is the Bessemer process?
Developed by Jeremy Bentham, this theory argues that the goal of all laws should be "the greatest happiness of the greatest number."
What is utilitarianism?
Known for his use of realpolitik, this Prussian "Iron Chancellor" used three wars to unify the German states by 1871.
Who was Otto von Bismarck?
This 1900 Chinese uprising by the "Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists" targeted Christian missionaries and signs of European culture.
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
Led by Claude Monet, this artistic style focused on capturing the specific effects of light and color in a single, fleeting moment.
What is Impressionism?
This 1834 agreement promoted German unity by eliminating internal tariffs and trade barriers among German states.
What is the Zollverein Agreement?
In their 1848 Communist Manifesto, these two men argued that a class struggle between the proletariat and bourgeoisie was inevitable.
Who are Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels?
This Italian nationalist leader founded the "Young Italy" society and dreamed of a single, united Italian republic.
Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?
This medical discovery allowed Europeans to survive the African interior by providing an effective treatment for malaria.
What is quinine?
This German philosopher famously proclaimed "the death of God" and influenced modern thought with his theory of nihilism.
Who is Friedrich Nietzsche?
During the second industrial revolution, this American inventor’s 1840s creation allowed for almost instantaneous communication over long distances.
Who is Samuel Morse (or what is the telegraph)?
This 19th-century social ideal suggested that a woman’s primary value was found in making the home a moral and nurturing refuge for her family.
What is the cult of domesticity?
This series of 1819 repressive measures in the German Federation was designed to suppress liberal student organizations and expand censorship.
What were the Carlsbad Decrees?
This 1898 diplomatic standoff between Britain and France over control of the Upper Nile nearly led to war before France conceded.
What was the Fashoda Crisis?
This philosophy, founded by Auguste Comte, asserts that science and sensory experience alone provide valid knowledge.
What is positivism?
This economic crisis from 1873 to 1896 saw rising unemployment and falling prices, leading many nations to return to protectionist tariffs.
What was the Long Depression?
This theory, championed by Georges Sorel, argued that after capitalism was overthrown, property should be transferred to labor unions.
What is syndicalism?
This 1867 compromise transformed the Austrian Empire into a "dual monarchy," granting political power to the Hungarian minority.
What was the Ausgleich?
In his 1902 study, this British economist argued that imperialism was "bad business for the nation" but "good business" for certain wealthy classes.
Who was John A. Hobson?
This physicist’s 1900 discovery of "quanta" revolutionized the understanding of atomic processes and laid the groundwork for modern electronics.
Who is Max Planck?