World War I & Revolution
This static form of combat, defined by elaborate systems of defensive ditches and "no-man’s-land," characterized the Western Front.
What is trench warfare?
This was the name of the democratic government in Germany that faced massive reparations and hyperinflation following World War I.
What was the Weimar Republic?
Nicknamed the "Iron Lady," this Prime Minister challenged the post-war welfare state by cutting government spending and ending large subsidies to nationalized industries.
Who was Margaret Thatcher?
This term describes the 1970s policy of "relaxed tensions" between the United States and the Soviet Union, characterized by increased trade and arms control agreements.
What is détente?
This term refers to the comprehensive "cradle-to-grave" social assistance programs, such as health care and pensions, adopted by many postwar states.
What is the welfare state (or welfare system)?
This 1915–1916 event saw the Ottoman government engage in a systematic attempt to exterminate its Christian minority.
What is genocide (specifically the Armenian Genocide)?
This 1938 agreement allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland in exchange for a hollow promise of future peace.
What was the Munich Agreement?
This British political party won a landslide victory in 1945 by promising to establish a comprehensive "cradle-to-grave" welfare state.
What was the Labour Party?
This 1968 policy established the Soviet Union’s right to use military force to intervene in any Eastern-bloc nation where socialism was perceived to be under threat.
What is the Brezhnev Doctrine?
This 1991 treaty formally established the European Union and paved the way for the creation of a common currency.
What is the Maastricht Treaty?
This radical minority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, seized power in November 1917.
Who were the Bolsheviks?
Launched in 1928, this state-run program aimed to transform the Soviet Union into an industrial powerhouse through centralized planning.
What was the Five Year Plan?
This 1957 agreement established the European Economic Community (EEC), which worked to eliminate trade barriers and create a "Common Market" among its members.
What was the Treaty of Rome?
He was the electrician and labor activist who led the independent trade union Solidarity and later served as the first post-communist president of Poland.
Who was Lech Walesa?
Beginning in the 1960s, this phase of feminism moved beyond voting rights to address issues like domesticity, sexuality, and professional equality.
What is second-wave feminism?
Established by the League of Nations, this system allowed victor nations to govern former territories of the German and Ottoman empires.
What is the mandate system?
This "Night of Broken Glass" in 1938 involved state-sponsored pogroms that destroyed thousands of Jewish businesses and synagogues.
What was Kristallnacht?
Founded in 1952 by six nations, this organization aimed to coordinate the production of two vital industrial resources to prevent future conflict and promote efficiency.
What was the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)?
This Romanian communist dictator maintained absolute control through a secret police force and banned contraception before being overthrown and executed in 1989.
Who was Nicolae Ceausescu?
This 20th-century philosophy, championed by Jean-Paul Sartre, suggests that God is absent and individuals must create their own meaning.
What is existentialism?
During the Russian Civil War, the communists established this policy of nationalizing banks and industries while forcibly taking grain from peasants.
What is war communism?
This class of wealthy peasants was targeted for "liquidation" during the violent implementation of collectivization in the USSR.
Who were the kulaks?
This intergovernmental organization was established in 1948 specifically to manage the distribution of Marshall Plan aid and foster economic cooperation across the continent.
What was the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)?
This term refers to the peaceful 1993 dissolution of Czechoslovakia into the two independent nations of Slovakia and the Czech Republic.
What was the Velvet Divorce?
Founded in West Germany in 1979, this political party focused on rally public support around environmental issues and pollution.
What is die Grünen (the Green Party)?