Row 1
Ludovico of Milan
Prince of Italy during the Renaissance, major patron of Renaissance art
Cosimo de’ Medici
Ruled Florance and brought it back to stability.
The first humanists
were orators and poets.
Machiavelli
Italian diplomat, philospher and writer. Wrote the Prince, Often called the father of often modern political philophsoy.
Mannerism
A style of European art that emerged later in the Italian Renaissance
Gains made in the 100 Years’ War
People began to feel a greater sense of independence and pride (nationalism). There were improvements in weapons. There was also the creation of National heroes including Henry V of England.
Ferdinand and Isabella in Spain as despots
A corruptive reign that would unite all dominions of Spain, and elevate the nation to dominant world power.
Pope Alexander VI
A corrupt and ambitious pope who’s the neglect of spiritual inheritance of the church contributed to the Protestant Reformation
Medieval art vs. Renaissance art
Renaissance art showed the importance of people and nature, whereas Medieval art was more focused on Religion.
The purpose of the Inquisition
The goal was to go against/fight the protestants. The Inquisition was made by the Catholic church to penalize any hersey. If punished one would go through extreme persecution.
Wycliffe and Huss
John Wycliffe was an English philosopher who denied popes’ religious authority, he translated the bible into English to encourage people to read and interpret for themselves. He was also accused of being a heretic but got no severe punishment because of papal schism. Jan Hus was a religious reformer from Czech who anticipated the reformation.He also questioned the infallibility of the catholic church, He was burned at stake for the corruption of the clergy after the council of Constance.
Brazilian Sugar’s impact on Europe
The Portuguese started planting sugarcane in Brazil. Brazil began exporting the sugar which helped build the economy. This affected trade in Europe because Europe began to trade the sugar on the transatlantic trade.
How did Valla become a hero to Protestant reformers?
His defense of predestination against the advocates of free will.
Catholic preservation of Roman civilization.
After the destruction of the Western Roman Empire, churches in the West attempted to preserve classical civilization as well as established monasteries and sent missionaries to convert the people of Northern Europe. In Eastern Europe, the Byzantine Empire preserved the Orthodox branch after the multiple invasions of Islam in the middle of the 7th century. Charles V, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, had a goal to preserve the unity of the Catholic faith through the empire.
The great masters of the High Renaissance
The great masters of the High Renaissance were Leonardo De Vinci (who mastered painting, painted “The Mona Lisa”, and served as an advisor for King Francis of France), Raphael (most known for his piece named “The School of Athens” that resides in the Vatican), Michelangelo (great sculptor who was later known best for his mannerism art)
European voyages of discovery--effects on natives.
Decline in Native population due to the spread of European disease, loss of land to European conquerors, and Native conversion to Catholicism
Results of Portuguese exploration
Portugal discovered new lands, new sea routes, and constructed better maps of the world which helped with further exploration. Vasco da Gama, a Portugese explorer, was the first European to reach India by sea. As a result, the Portugese were able to trade spices and jewels with them, as well as establish forts and trading posts around the coast of the Indian Ocean. Due to exploration, they were able to benefit from trade and bring back new innovations to Europe.
the Great Schism
The time in which pope clement VII and pope urban IV both served as heirs to st.peters, splitting the church and hurting the papacy this created confusion over religious authority.
Reasons monarchs sought out new sources of income in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
Growing costs of warfare
The Treaty of Verdun
In 843, the Treaty of Verdun split the Carolingian kingdom between King Louis’ surviving heirs. Lothar received the middle section, which is now composed of modern day Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, Alscae-Lorraine, and Italy. Charles the Bald received the western part of the kingdom, which is now modern day France. Louis the German received the eastern part of the empire, which is now modern day Germany.
Desiderius Erasmus
Long time Catholic who made it clear with the help of the printing press that loyal Catholics also desired reform. He sought to combine humanism and Christian faith as one.
Results of the Assembly in Worms in 1495.
The foundation stone was laid for a reform of the Holy Roman Empire. Many elements of this reform didn’t last but were highly significant to further the development of the empire. They were meant to change the structure and constitutional ordinances of the empire in order to resolve issues within the imperial government which had been evident.