Renaissance and Exploration
This intellectual movement focused on human potential and achievements, drawing inspiration from classical texts.
What is Humanism?
In 1517, he nailed his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg, challenging the Catholic Church.
Who is Martin Luther?
Known as the "Sun King," he ruled France for 72 years, exemplifying absolute monarchy.
Who is Louis XIV?
This philosopher's work "Leviathan" argued for a strong central authority to avoid the chaos of the state of nature.
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
Known for her correspondence with Voltaire, this Russian empress expanded her territory and implemented limited reforms.
Who is Catherine the Great?
Known as the "Father of Humanism," this scholar revived interest in classical texts and emphasized individual achievement.
Who is Petrarch?
This English monarch established the Church of England after separating from the Catholic Church.
Who is Henry VIII?
This economic theory emphasized the accumulation of gold and silver, high tariffs, and colonial expansion to increase national wealth.
What is mercantilism?
This astronomer proposed the heliocentric model, placing the Sun at the center of the universe.
Who is Nicolaus Copernicus?
This Prussian ruler, known as "the Great," modernized the army and encouraged religious tolerance.
Who is Frederick the Great?
This artist painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and sculpted "David."
Who is Michelangelo?
This council, held between 1545 and 1563, was the Catholic Church's response to the Reformation.
What is the Council of Trent?
This leader of the Parliamentary forces became Lord Protector during the Commonwealth period.
Who is Oliver Cromwell?
This Enlightenment thinker advocated for the separation of powers in government in his work "The Spirit of the Laws."
Who is Montesquieu?
This Austrian monarch abolished serfdom and promoted religious tolerance but faced resistance to his reforms.
Who is Joseph II?
In his book "The Prince," this Florentine author outlined pragmatic, sometimes ruthless advice for rulers.
Who is Niccolò Machiavelli?
This French theologian emphasized predestination and strict discipline within his branch of Protestantism.
Who is John Calvin?
In 1688, this event led to the overthrow of James II and the ascension of William and Mary to the English throne.
What is the Glorious Revolution?
This scientist’s work with telescopes supported the heliocentric theory, earning him condemnation from the Catholic Church.
Who is Galileo Galilei?
She was the mother of Joseph II and ruled Austria, consolidating power while engaging in reforms like codifying laws.
Who is Maria Theresa?
This Portuguese explorer was the first European to reach India by sea, opening the maritime trade route.
Who is Vasco da Gama?
This term refers to French Calvinists who faced persecution during the Reformation.
Who are the Huguenots?
This king’s conflicts with Parliament led to the English Civil War and his eventual execution in 1649.
Who is Charles I of England?
This advocate for women’s rights authored "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" and argued for gender equality in education.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
These three countries divided the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in three partitions during the late 18th century.
What are Russia, Prussia, and Austria?