Anatomy
What are the terms anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy- Study of structures associated with the human body.
Physiology- Study of the function pertaining to each of the structures.
What are the components of an atom?
-Proton
-Neutron
-Electron
Nucleotide Composition
-Nitrogen base
-Pentose sugar
-Phosphate group
Cell Theory
-Cell is the smallest living unit
-All organisms are made up of one or more cells
-Cells only arises from other cells
Osmosis, Hypertonic & Hypotonic solution effects on cell
-Diffusion of water and other elements through semipermeable membrane
-Hypertonic: concentration of solutes is greater in solutions than in cell (cell shrinks)
-Hypotonic: concentration of solutes is greater in cell than solution (cell swells up)
What are the levels of structural organization? (in order)
Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Basic Macromolecules
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Nucleic Acids
-Proteins
What are the 5 Nucleotides (match them)
DNA- GCAT (guanine and cytosine, adenine and thymine)
RNA- GCAU (guanine and cytosine, adenine and uracil)
Functions of Plasma Cell Membrane
-Physical Barrier
-Selective Permeability
-Communication
-Cell Recognition
Describe Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
-Building blocks/ monomers of carbs
- Two sugars
-Many sugars, energy is stored
What are the 3 components of homeostasis?
-Receptor
-Control Center
-Effector
Oxidation Vs. Reduction
Oxidation- loss of electrons
Reduction-gain of electrons,
When in water: Acids, Bases, Salts
Acids- release proton and anion
Bases- release hydroxyl ions and cations
Salts- disassociate into component ions
Membrane Potential (what is it, how is it maintained, why is it important?)
-Diff. in electrical potential between the inside and outside of cell
-Sends messages to and from nervous system
-Active transports (Na-K pump) maintains it
Describe solutions, colloids, suspension
Solutions- Homogeneous mixtures of components (solids, liquids, or gases); do not settle out
Colloids- Heterogeneous mixture with large solute particles; Can undergo sol-gel transformations
Suspensions- Heterogeneous mixture with solutes that settle out
What are the anatomical directions?
-Posterior/Dorsal
-Anterior/Ventral
-Superior/Inferior
-Proximal/Distal
-Lateral/Medial
Properties of Water
-Cohesion/Adhesion
-Surface Tension
-Polarity
-High specific heat
-Low density
-Universal Solvent
Factors that Influence Rate of Chemical Rxns.
-Temperature (Direct)
-Concentration of Reactant (Direct)
-Particle Size (Inverse)
-Catalysts (Direct)
Describe 3 Cell Junctions and location
Desmosomes- anchor adjacent cells, found in organs with great mechanical stress (skin and heart)
Tight Junctions- seal off passage between two cells, found in cells lining GI tract, brain, kidneys
Gap Junctions- intercellular communication as ions and small molecules are allowed to pass through, found in heart and smooth muscle
What are the abdominal pelvic regions?
Look back to ppt
What are the planes of the body? describe them.
Sagittal- division of right and left parts
Coronal- division of ventral and dorsal portions
Transverse- division of superior and inferior parts
Describe Each Chemical Bond
Ionic- Transfer of electrons
Covalent- Sharing of Electrons
Hydrogen- Polarity
Protein Structure Levels
1- Linear sequence of amino acids (polypeptide chain)
2- alpha helices or beta pleated sheets
3- 3-D shape, globular molecule formed
4- 2 or more chains, functional protein forms
Major Events of the Cell Cycle
Interphase - G1:primary growth, S: growth and DNA synthesis, G2: growth and division preperation.
Checkpoints- G1: (most important) if cell does not pass -> G0: division stops, G2M:check for correct DNA division.
Mitosis- prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
Functional Roles of Membrane Proteins
-Transport Substances
-Act as Receptors
-Act as Enzymes
-Provide structural support
-Cell to cell recognition
-Link Adjacent cells