Intro
Give an example of a positive and negative feedback loop.
Positive- Oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract which stimulates prostaglandins which stimulates more contractions
Negative- Blood glucose is rising which is detected by insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas which secretes insulin. As these body cells take up glucose, insulin release stops.
Shivering is also negative feedback loop
How do we classify epithelium?
What are the major classes of Connective Tissue?
CT proper (loose&dense), cartilage, osseous, blood
What are the types of planes and how do they split the body?
Sagittal: divides the body into a left and right
Transverse: cuts the animals into a head and tail section
Dorsal: cuts the body into an belly and spine section
hyaline cartilage location?
articular cartilage covering end of long bones
Describe homeostasis.
Maintaining chemical and physiological balance within the body which is regulated by positive and negative feedback loops in response to internal and external changes
What are the functions of epithelium?
- Protects, cover, lines
- filters
- secretion/excretion
- absorbs nutrients
- sensory input
What is the difference between an Extraceullar matrix and ground substance?
ECM: Substance found between the cells that provides support and nourishment
GS: unstructured material that fills the space between the cells ( amorphous and homogenous )
The shoulder is ______ to the hock.
The belly is ____ to the spine
proximal
ventral
subclasses of connective tissue osseous
compact and spongy
What are homologous structures?
Organ or bone that is derived from a common evolutionary ancestor
What are the 6 features of epithelial tissue?
- cellularity
- unique contact points: junctional complexes
- Polarity
- Supported by Connective Tissue
- Innervated yet avascular
- Regenerative
Describe the 3 types of extraceullar fibers.
Collagen fibers:Strong thick strands composed of collagen, organized in long parallel fibrils, resistant to pulling forces, Found in tendons and ligaments
Elastic fibers:Branched, complex, fibers composed of elastin that can stretch and contract, found in vocal cords, lungs, skin, blood vessels
Reticular fibers: Thin, delicate, branched fibers composed of collagen and coated with glycoprotein that provides support around complex organs, Found in liver, nerves, capillaries, muscle fibers
What is the difference between palmar and plantar?
Palmer is the walking side of the front let and plantar is the walking side of the hind limb
What are the 4 types of membranes and where are they found?
Mucus: Lines organs with a connection to the outside environment
Serous: Lines closed body cavities
Cutaneous: Organ perpetually exposed to the outside enviroment
Synovial: Joints; Manufactures synovial fluid
What is Osteology, Myology, Neurology, Endocrinology?
Study of bones
Study of muscles
Study of Brain or nerves / spinal cord
Study of ductless glands
Describe the process of regeneration.
Stratified squamous ET has more cuboidal cells at the basal layer and continually divide to keep up with cells lost at the apical layer. As these younger cells mature, they are pushed to the apical layer losing connection with the connective tissue that supplies them nutrients. Thus they lose their cytoplasm and take on a flatted squamous shape at the apical layer.
What are the properties of Connective Tissue?
Cell poor, ECM rich, high or limited vascularity, most are dense/rigid in structure but some can be fluid and flexible, serves to connect, protect, and support
What are two body cavities and what do they contain?
Dorsal Body Cavity: Contains the brain and spinal cord, Cranial Cavity and Spinal Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity: Contains most of the soft organs, Cranial Thoracic Cavity and Caudal Abdominopelvic Cavity
Describe nervous tissue and Muscle tissue.
Nervous: responds to stimuli and is avascular
Muscle: skeletal, smooth, cardiac types
List at least 4 necessary life functions
- Maintaining Balance
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
Least: reproduction & growth
What is the location of the following tissue types: Pick 4
- Simple squamous - Simple cuboidal - Simple Columnar
- Pseudostratified columnar - Keratinized - Nonkeritinized
- Stratified Cuboidal - Stratified Columnar - Transitional epithelium
- Simple squamous: air sacs of the lungs, inner lining of the ventral body cavities and blood vessels, certain parts of the kidney
- Simple cuboidal: kidney tubules, lower respiratory passages, mammary, thyroid, salivary glands
- Simple Columnar: digestive tract from the stomach to the anus, uterine tube, gallbladder, certain kidney tubules
- Pseudostratified columnar: nasal cavity, parts of male urethra, upper respiratory passages(respiratory & male repro tract)
- Keratinized: Epidermis, hair, hooves, horns
- Nonkeritinized: mouth, pharynx, superior larynx, esophagus, vagina, anal canal
- Stratified Cuboidal: excretory ducts, sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands (ducts of sweat glands)
- Stratified Columnar: ducts of certain glands, cornea, parts of male urethra
- Transitional epithelium: urinary system
Why is blood considered a connective tissue?
- Is derived from a mesenchymal cell (like other CT tissue)
- Has cellular components
- Is vascular
- Surrounded by fluid matrix called plasms (acts like ECM)
- Has “fibers”- protein molecules that help with clotting
- Blood connects and supports the body
List all the organelles found in a cell and their function
1. Mitochondria: Used for energy production, breakdown of glucose, and production of ATP
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum: Smooth ER is a packaging center for lipids; Rough ER produces proteins
3. Ribosomes: Site of translation, Makes protein
4. Golgi Apparatus: Modifies proteins received from the ER and distributes them
5. Lysosomes: Breaks down materials, Digestive vesicles
6. Peroxisomes: Detoxifies
What do tendons connect?
What do ligaments connect?
Tendons: connect muscle to bone and enhance movement
Ligaments: connects bone to bone and limits movement