Endocrine
What hormone is known as the stress hormone?
Cortisol
What is acromegaly and when does it occur?
enlargement of hands, face, and feet in adults after epiphyseal plate closure
What are the 6 essential activities of the digestive system?
ingestion, propulsion, mechanical breakdown, digestion, absorption, and defecation
What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?
anabolism builds molecules and catabolism breaks them down
What is not a major mineral required for bodily function?
hint: 2 answers
nitrogen and carbon
Which endocrine gland produces both T3 and T4 hormones?
Thyroid Gland
Which hormone stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection through a positive feedback mechanism?
oxytocin
manufactures bile for fat emulsification
How many grams of protein per kilogram of body weight is the recommended dietary requirement?
0.8 g/kg
What is the relationship between saturated fatty acid intake and blood cholesterol levels?
saturated fats increase blood cholesterol levels
What is the primary function of aldosterone?
reduces sodium excretion from the body
Why is Iodine essential for thyroid hormone synthesis?
It is bound to tyrosine molecules to form T3 and T4 hormones
Which cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen?
chief cells
What metabolic process describes the creation of new glucose from non carbohydrate sources?
gluconeogensis
bonus 100 points if you can define glycogenolysis
What pancreatic enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?
amylase
It promotes water reuptake in kidneys to prevent dehydration
What is Addison's disease and what hormone are deficient?
200 bonus points if you give the fancy names
deficiency of both cortisol (glucocorticoid) and aldosterone (mineralcorticoid) causing dehydration and hypotension
Which cells in the stomach produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?
parietal cells
Why does ketoacidosis develop in uncontrolled diabeted?
without adequate insulin carbs cannot e used for energy so the body breaks down fats producing extra ketones that accumulate to dangerous levels
Which subdivision of the small intestine is the first to receive chyme from the stomach?
duodenum
What are the 3 cardinal signs of Diabetes Mellitus and what causes each?
polyuria from glucose osmotic diuresis, polydipsia from water loss, polyphagia from cellular glucose starvation
Which hormone exhibits anti-insulin effects and promotes growth through direct and indirect actions?
growth hormone
What is the difference between absorption and digestion?
digestion breaks down molecules and absorption moves them into the body
What vitamins are synthesized in the body rather than solely obtained from dietary sources?
Vitamin D, some B vitamins, K, and beta carotene
bonus 100 points name a vitamin given from food
What condition results from insufficient lactase enzyme?
lactose intolerance