Histology
Type of epithelial cell shape where the cell is equally as wide as it is tall.
Cuboidal
What is the most painful burn? What is the least painful type of burn?
Most painful: 2nd Degree
Least Painful: 3rd Degree
What are the names of the Bone cells?
What is unique about osteoclasts in terms of their cell lineage?
-Osteoprogenitor cells (Bone stem cell)
-Osteoblast (Builds bone)
-Osteocytes (Mature Bone Cells involved in Communication)
-Osteoclast (Breaks down bone)
-Osteoclasts do NOT come from the osteoprogenitor lineage?
what are the main bone shapes?
-Flat (Cranium)
-Long (Humerus)
-Irregular (Vertebrae)
-Short (Carpals)
What type of epithelium would you find in the alveoli of the lungs, and what is its function?
Simple Epithelium and it functions in gas exchange/diffusion due to its thin structure.
What are the MAIN chemicals that are responsible for Skin pigmentation?
1) Melanin
2) Carotenoids
3) Hemoglobin
What is Wolff's Law?
healthy bone adapts to the mechanical loads placed upon it by remodeling its internal and external structure to become stronger with use and weaker with disuse
What is the difference between True, Floating, and False ribs?
True=Direct sternal attachment & Vertebral Attachment
Floating=Indirect sternal attachment & Vertebral Attachment
False= No sternal attachment whatsoever & Vertebral attachment.
What are the general features of Hyaline cartilage?
-Glassy appearance
-Avascular & Aneural
-Chondrocytes & Lacunae
-Collagen ECM matrix consisting of 75% water
-Can be found on articular surfaces, Respiratory tract, costal cartilage, and embryonic bone development
Explain the process of Keratinization in the epidermis.
Epithelium divides in the Stratum Basale and gets pushed upwards through the layers of the epidermis. As this happens, it transforms from cuboidal to squamous in shape. Simultaneously, the cells become filled with keratin and die, resulting in the hardened, waterproof layer of the stratum corneum.
What is the functional subunit of Compact Bone and what are its components?
Osteon
-Central Canal
-Concentric Lamellae made of Bone Matrix
-Osteocytes with Canaliculi
What is the difference between the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton?
the axial skeleton forms the central, vertical axis of the body to protect vital organs, while the appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and girdles attached to it to allow for movement.
A type of loose connective tissue that consists of fibers that are loosely arranged with lots of extra space, multiple cells (fibroblasts, white blood cells, and inflammatory response cells)
Areolar connective tissue
Explain the anatomy of a hair stalk. What are the components? What lubricates the hair follicle? Is hair vascular or avascular? Is it innervated or non-innervated? What muscle group allows it to stand up?
The hairstalk consists of a root, bulb, and stalk. The bulb and root comprise the hair follicle. The bulb contains the nerve endings and blood vessels for the stalk. The root and shaft are lubricated by sebum from the sebaceous gland. Finally, the hair can stand up due to the Piloerector/Arrector Pili Muscle.
Explain what happens to the ratio of fat-storing yellow bone marrow to blood cell-producing red marrow in the transition from adolescence to Adulthood.
During the transition from adolescence to adulthood, the ratio of fat-storing yellow bone marrow to blood cell-producing red marrow increases significantly. As you grow, a natural physiological process called marrow conversion occurs. Red bone marrow is progressively replaced by yellow bone marrow, moving from the peripheral skeleton toward the central skeleton.
Explain how the rate of Osteoclast vs. Osteoblast activity affects deposition and resorption?
When one cell type has a higher rate of activity than the other, the associated process will occur (e.g., Osteoblasts and Deposition). If the rates are equal to one another, then the bone density remains stable.
What is the difference between Elastic and Reticular connective tissue?
Elastic consists of elastic fibers that run in a unidirectional wavy/parallel pattern, while reticular tissue consists of collagen fibers dispersed in a net/mesh-like pattern.
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
What are the layers of the dermis?
What are the main components of the Hypodermis layer?
-S. Basale, S. Spinosum, S. Granulosum, S. Leucideum, and S. corneum (going from deep to superficial)
-Papillary dermis, Reticular Dermis
- Areolar & Adipose Tissue
Explain the process of Endochondral Ossification.
Explain why menopause in females can lead to osteoporosis.
A decrease in estrogen output by the ovaries discourages osteoblast activity, resulting in greater levels of osteoclast activity. This results in the thinning of the bone mass of the trabeculae and Compact bone.