Congressional Behavior
This occurs when there is difficulty passing laws due to opposing parties not reaching an agreement.
What is Gridlock?
a representation style where elected officials act according to the wishes of their constituents.
the delegate model
This ruling determined that federal courts could intervene in redistricting cases.
Baker v. Carr
Factors include public opinion, party affiliation, and electoral pressures.
influencers of congressional behavior
This is the percentage of eligible voters who participate in an election.
voter turnout
Strong, unwavering support for one political party over others.
partisanship
a representation style where elected officials use their judgment to make decisions for the public good.
the trustee model
This ruling held that redistricting based on race must comply with the Equal Protection Clause.
Shaw v. Reno
This can lead to conflict and hinder bipartisan cooperation on legislation.
Partisanship
Factors include age, education level, socioeconomic status, and the competitiveness of the election.
factors affect voter turnout
The division of political attitudes to ideological extremes, causing a lack of compromise.
polarization
A politician might use the this model when they balance the interests of their constituents with their own judgment.
the politico mode
Both these cases address issues of redistricting and the fairness of district boundaries.
Baker v. Carr
Shaw v. Reno
This occurs when one party controls the presidency and another controls one or both houses of Congress.
Divided government
This is a group of representatives from each state who formally elect the President and Vice President of the United States.
the Electoral College
When district boundaries are manipulated to favor one party, impacting election outcomes.
gerrymandering
the process of redrawing electoral district boundaries, usually after a census.
redistricting
When a president has reduced power and influence after the election of a successor.
lame duck president
These factors include constituents' needs, political party goals, and individual values of lawmakers.
Essential factors in congressional behavior
These are held to select a party's candidate for the general election.
Primaries
Electoral districts where both major political parties have similar levels of support among voters, making them competitive.
swing districts
established the principle of "one person, one vote," ensuring that districts are equal in population.
Baker v. Carr (1962)
The Supreme Court ruled that race cannot be the sole factor in redistricting decisions.
Shaw v. Reno
This shapes the process of lawmaking, influencing the effectiveness and outcomes of proposed legislation.
congressional behavior
This is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal, often regarding changes in laws or policies.
Referendum