Federalists
This specific essay defended the Constitution and the form of federal government it proposes. Argues for strong central gov, large republic so the threat of factions is limited. Representative Democracy.
What is Federalists No. 10?
The official foundation document of America that listed grievances against Great Britain leaders. Foundation of popular sovereignty, gov. exists to serve people and elected by the people.
What is the Declaration of Independence?
The infamous case in which students wore black arm bands to school as a way of peacefully protesting the Vietnam War. It decided that the school violated their 1st amend freedom of speech rights when school authorities tried to stop them.
What was Tinker V. Des Moines Independent Community School District?
The case where Maryland tried to tax a federal bank. Established the implied powers that Congress had from Consti. to establish regulate currency. Expanded fed. gov power over state gov.
What is McCulloch v. Maryland?
The infamous case which ruled that the "separate but equal" ruling from Plessy V. Ferguson was no longer constitutional. It got rid of segregation in all public schools cuz it violated the equal protection clause 14th amend.
What is Brown v. Board of Education?
The essay arguing for the need of checks and balances in the government as well as a separation of powers. 3 branches of the gov. have different responsibilities but can limit each others actions.
What is Federalists No. 51?
The first constitution of the United States that focused on a weak central gov. which ultimately failed because gov. had no power to tax or regulate commerce.
What was the Articles of Confederation?
The case in which Nixon tried to prevent a news publishing company from publishing information that would expose him. It's decision was that it was the first amendment right for the newspaper company to publish what they wanted and the claim of "protecting the security of the country" wasn't valid.
What was New York Co v. United States?
The case that ruled the attempt of fed gov to regulate firearms on school zones to be unconstitutional. Ruled that the fed gov. overstepped their power derived from the Commerce Clause which gave them the right to regulate interstate commerce. However, firearms was a criminal act instead of economic activity thus falling out of the fed govs range of authority.
What is United States v. Lopez?
The case that ruled it unconstitutional to ban corporations from showing movies, ads, etc. that went against a political person. Extended freedom of speech to corporations and gave them the freedom of political speech. Fueled the rise of super PACS, PACs who have unlimited amount of money to spend saying what they want about a political side as long as not in direct involvement with a candidates campaign.
What is Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission?
The essay in which Hamilton argued for an expansion of power and influence in the executive branch and a strong executive leader. Has to have power to act fast in times of need.
What is Federalists No. 70?
The document that frames the current government of the United States of America and is the supreme law of the land.
What is the Constitution of the United States?
The case in which a Schenck tried to protest the draft when the United States was at war. S.C. decided that the gov could limit the first amendment during times of war ("clear and present danger").
What is Schenck v. United States?
Case in which Gideon was denied access to a representative. Case decided 14th amend due process clause included 6th amendment right to legal counsel to state gov instead of just fed gov. Ruled that everyone was allowed to have a lawyer to represent them
What is Gideon v. Wainwright?
Case decided that Sup. Court had power to hear case regarding fair legislative reapportionment. Because of the due process clause (4/5th amend) and more so the equal protection clause (14th amend). To ensure individuals equal protection=1 person 1 vote. Opened gate to other redistricting cases.
What is Baker v. Carr?
The essay that determines the role of the judiciary branch and the power of judicial review. Establishes judicial independency and ruling it the "least dangerous" branch.
What is Federalists No. 78?
The essay that was the counterargument to Federalists No. 10. It argued that the Constitution gave too much power to the federal government. Wanted a small republic and smaller society.
What is Brutus No. 1?
The case in which a public school tried to include a school wide prayer before a game. It's decision was that this action violated the Establishment Clause in which the no specific religion can be established relating to the first amendment right of freedom of religion. School can't lead prayer, even if it's voluntary.
What was Engel v. Vitale?
Infamous case in which Roe wanted an abortion but the state ruled it as illegal. It was decided that women had the right to privacy inferred from due process law in the subject of having an abortion and expanded the definition of privacy.
What is Roe v. Wade?
The case where it seemed a certain district divided it so that an African-American representative would definitely get elected. It was decided that there definitely was racial gerrymandering in this district because of how oddly it's shaped. Decided that race can't be the sole factor of how a district is shaped and how it can be constitutionally changed if race is the sole factor due to equal prot. clause (14th amend)
What is Shaw v. Reno?
The most popular and well-known essay that was written to ratify the Constitution. Argued for a large society to have more points of view rather than a small one.
What is Federalists No. 10?
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s response to white southern religious leaders who criticized him for protesting peacefully. This letter explained his actions and unjust laws need to be broken, fixed, or changed.
What was the Letter written from Birmingham Jail?
The case which established the free exercise clause and ruled that the freedom of religion was more important than a state law that required children to be sent to school. It involved an Amish family refusing to send their children to school as it conflicted with their religious beliefs.
What is Wisconsin v. Yoder?
Chicago tried to ban handguns and the Supreme Court ruled that the ban violated the 2nd Amendment and was unconstitutional. Marked the incorporation of the 2nd amendment into the 14th amend due process clause because of the right to bear arms. Marked whether states can restrict citizens liberty.
What is McDonald v. Chicago?
The case that established official judicial review. John Adams Congress passed the Judiciary Act which you can appoint new judges and court as an attempt to keep people of his influence there. It was ruled by the court that this act was unconstitutional which made judicial review real since it was the first law by Congress that was decided as unconstitutional.
What is Marbury v. Madison?