Introduction to Agriculture
Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods
Agricultural Origins and Diffusions
The Second Agricultural Revolution
The Green Revolution
Agricultural Production Regions
Spatial Organization of Agriculture
Von Thunen Model
The Global System of Agriculture
Consequences of Agricultural Practices
Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture
Women in Agriculture
100
Access to water, nutrient levels, and landforms all show the connection between agricultural practices and this.
What is PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
100
Farms tend to be narrow in this system and run perpendicular to a river. Problems with it: Winding rivers can make surveying difficult. Soil near the river is very fertile, but land away from the river is less fertile.
What is the French LONG-LOT SYSTEM
100
These are major centers of the domestication of plants and animals that diffused globally.
What are AGRICULTURAL HEARTHS
100
The 2nd Agricultural Revolution saw a reduction in human labor, an increase in farm size, and an increase in yields due to this.
What is MECHANIZED TECHNOLOGY
100
Due to the Green Revolution, this region had the largest increase in grain production per acre between 1961-2011.
What is EAST ASIA
100
The distance-decay relationship between proximity to the urban market and the value of the land, meaning the closer the land is to an urban center, the more valuable it is.
What is the BID-RENT THEORY
100
Step 1: Milk is produced by cows, stored briefly, and shipped to processors.
Step 2: Milk is processed
Step 3: Milk is lab tested
Step 4: Milk is bottled and prepared
Step 5: MIlk is transported to market
Step 6: Milk is purchased by consumers
This is an example of this.
What is a COMMODITY CHAIN
100
Horticulture/dairy: 0 to 2 miles
Forest: 2 to 5 miles
Grain: 5 to 17 miles
Livestock: 17 to 40 miles
This shows these two models together.
What is the Bid-Rent Curve and Von Thunen's Model
100
This led to Developed and developing countries relying on each for various products depending on factors such as demand, climate, and season of the year.
What is GLOBALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE
100
The reduction in water running down the hillside limits soil erosion with this agricultural process. If they are not carefully maintained, a heavy rainfall can cause disastrous and deadly mudslides.
What is TERRACING
100
Many countries particularly in Europe, have restricted the use of these due to concerns about cost, creation of superpests, and potential long-term risks to consumers.
What are GMO's OR BIOTECHNOLOGY.
100
Women in these countries face the most discrimination in owning property.
What are AFRICA, the MIDDLE EAST, SOUTH ASIA, and SOUTHEAST ASIA
*These countries commonly have higher percentage of people who live in poverty and who deal with food insecurity.
200
Nearly all land supports some type of agriculture. Some places however have to overcome these difficult conditions to produce food.
What is CLIMATE
200
This rural settlement pattern shows groups of homes located near each other in a village and fosters a strong sense of place and often shared services, such as schools.
What is a CLUSTERED or NUCLEATED SETTLEMENT
200
This agricultural hearth diffused to North Africa, Southern Europe, and Central Asia
What is the FERTILE CRESCENT (SOUTHWEST ASIA)
200
The 2nd Agricultural Revolution saw an increase in crop yields per acre but also an increase in agricultural pollution due to this.
What are CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS.
200
Hybrid seeds and fertilizers are both technologies associated with this Agricultural Revolution.
What is the GREEN REVOLUTION
200
The increasing demand for expensive inputs such as irrigation, chemical fertilizers, and improved seeds.
What are INTENSIVE PRACTICES
200
This involves the ownership of other businesses involved in the steps of producing a particular good. Owning the contributing businesses gives the large farm more control of the variables and results in greater overall profits.
What is VERTICAL INTEGRATION
200
The theory of Von Thunen explores why people chose to locate ________________ activities in certain locations
What are ECONOMIC
200
This led to developed countries often looking to developing countries for resources or labor in producing food. Much of the revenue stays with the developed country/multinational corporation.
What is NEOCOLONIALISM
200
This can turn deserts and semi-arid regions into productive farmland. But the essential Dams they require can destroy river ecosystems and people are often displaced from their land when the reservoirs are created.
What is IRRIGATION
200
Concerns exist about parasites, dangers to ecosystems, competition with native stocks, and concentrations of waste in bodies of water.
What are challenges of AQUACULTURE
200
These are challenges due to the role of females in food production and consumption
Women lack decision-making power. They are denied training in new farming techniques. Female farmers are denied access to capital and financial opportunities.
300
There are 11 of these that designate the different levels of development, climate, and type of farming is possible for what is grown.
What are AGRICULTURAL REGIONS
300
These rural land-use patterns are those in which farmers lived in homes spread throughout the countryside.
What are DISPERSED SETTLEMENTS
300
This agricultural hearth spread to Southeastern Asia
What is the SOUTHEAST ASIA hearth
300
The 2nd Agricultural Revolution introduced this method to restore nutrients to the soil and increase crop yields.
What is CROP ROTATION
300
This Agricultural Revolution saw a development of higher-yield, more disease-resistant, and faster-growing varieties of grain and other crops.
What is the GREEN REVOLUTION
300
This is planting and harvesting a crop two times per year on the same piece of land.
What is DOUBLE OR TRIPLE CROPPING
300
An increase in efficiency, such as with improved seeds or new machinery, to lower the per-unit production cost, resulting in greater profits.
What are ECONOMIES OF SCALE
300
In the Von Thunen model, these are based on factors such as transportation costs, land costs, intensity of land use, and perishability of the product.
What are AGRICULTURAL ZONES
300
This led to efforts to promote higher incomes for farmers in developing countries and improved conditions for agricultural laborers having increased international trade for certain goods.
What is the FAIR-TRADE MOVEMENT
300
This practice can cause a loss of biodiversity in both plants and animals. Natural filters that protect surface water and groundwater quality are destroyed. Benefits of trapping sediment and protecting against shoreline and stream bank erosion are lost.
What is DRAINING WETLANDS
300
The use of too many of these can contaminate nearby water supplies, causing significant environmental damage, including growth of toxic algae that uses the oxygen in the water, which kills fish and other oganisms.
What are CHEMICALS in Agriculture
300
This provides consumers a chance to purchase products directly from the farmer.
What is a FARMER'S MARKET
400
As a result of the Columbian Exchange, this crop was transferred from the Americas to Europe and later spread through the world.
What is MAIZE (corn)
400
These rural land-use patterns are those in which buildings and human activities were organized close to a body of water or along a transportation route.
What are LINEAR SETTLEMENTS
400
This agricultural hearth spread to the Indian subcontinent and Southwest Asia.
What is the INDUS VALLEY HEARTH
400
In the 2nd Agricultural Revolution this provided stable and controlled water supply to crops to increase yields.
What are improved IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
400
During the Green Revolution, these countries went from being wheat importing to those with a surplus
What are MEXICO AND INDIA
400
When farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field.
What is INTERCROPPING OR MULTICROPPING
400
A process used by corporations and agribusinesses to gather resources, transform them into goods, and then transport them to consumers.
What are COMMODITY CHAINS
400
Land closest to market was most valuable and had to be used more intensely for farmers to make a profit. The farther away land was from market, the less valuable it was and could be used less intensely.
What is LAND VALUE
400
These lead to governments using subsidies to increase agricultural exports. When governments improve infrastructure, agricultural products can be transported more easily and cheaply.
What are GOVERNMENT POLICIES
400
Cutting down trees can result in local problems, such as soil erosion, decreased rainfall, warmer termperatures, and desertification.
What is DEFORESTATION.
400
If these agricultural products are disposed of incorrectly, they can cause significant damage to other life forms, including humans.
What are PESTICIDES, INSECTICIDES, AND HERBICIDES
400
These can provide women with the financial opportunities to have more access to farming opportunities. They are typically provided by NGOs or Nongovernmental Organizations
What are MICROLOANS
500
This is where plants and animals were first domesticated.
What is an AGRICULTURAL HEARTH
500
This rural land surveying method measured plot boundaries with features of specific points and covered larger areas based on larger features like trees, rocks, hills, etc.
What is the METES AND BOUNDS SYSTEM
500
This agricultural hearth spread to North and South America
What is the MESOAMERICA HEARTH
500
The 2nd Agricultural Revolution improved selective breeding of both plants and animals with resulted in greater yields.
What are improved BREEDING PRACTICES of animals
500
During the Green Revolution, these 4 products saw a dramatic yield increase - according to your readings.
What are WHEAT (208%), CORN (157%), RICE (109%), AND POTATOES (78%)
500
When only one crop is grown or one type of animal is raised per season on a piece of land.
What is MONOCULTURE
500
Based upon the bid-price curve above, this zone should ideally grow corn.
What is 7.6 miles to 11.0 miles
500
This was used to determine the starting position and ending point for each agricultural land use relative to the market.
What is the BID-RENT CURVE
500
The warmer climate of __________ allows it to produce more crops curing colder months than can be produced in the United States.
What is MEXICO
500
The possibility of soil erosion increased when this is practiced. This type of agriculture on a large scale does not allow the ecosystem to recover, causing permanent damage.
What is SHIFTING CULTIVATION
500
Using these on animals to promote growth can lead to the development of ___________resistant bacteria, or superbugs, that could be transferred to humans and lead to serious illnesses.
What are ANTIBIOTICS
500
In developing regions, women have been given more opportunities to receive education and this
What is TRAINING ON NEW EQUIPMENT
600
Because the long-lot land division is French, it is also common in this French speaking State or Province on the American Continent.
What is QUEBEC
600
In the United States, this public land survey system created rectangular plots of consistent size.
What is the TOWNSHIP AND RANGE SYSTEM
600
The global movement of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas
What is the COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
600
This strategy maintains soil fertility by restoring nutrients.
What is CROP ROTATION
600
These are CONSEQUENCES of the GREEN REVOLUTION due to the intensive use of land, double cropping, and aggressive irrigation.
What are SOIL EROSIONS and INCREASED ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.
600
A very large corporate farm in the United States is most likely to take advantage of this opportunity.
What is VERTICAL INTEGRATION
600
A large quantity of agricultural products are imported into the United States from Chile due to this
What are GROWING SEASONS IN CHILE - allows U.S. consumers to have fresh fruits and vegetables in winter.
600
The von Thunen model has changed because of developments in transportation. This is the change that is most evident.
What are the WIDTH OF THE RINGS HAVE INCREASED
600
This increased the distance that fresh fruits and vegetables can travel.
What is the development of COOL CHAINS
600
If the livestock are not moved at that point, then overgrazing can lead to desertification. This type of agriculture can make the soil more susceptible to wind erosion.
What is PASTORAL NOMADISM
600
The use of these results in air pollution from the exhaust, depletion of ______________ ________ reserves, and leaks or spills of various petroleum products that can contaminate soil and water.
What are FOSSIL FUEL POWERED MACHINES
600
Especially in periphery countries, men are taking nonfarming jobs in urban areas, leaving women to do this.
What is RUN THE FARMS
700
Southern Spain and California are very similar in climate. They typically grow similar agricultural products known as this.
What is MEDITERRANEAN
700
Land organized into areas 6 miles long and 6 miles wide. Each square section consisted of 640 acres, and it could be divided into smaller lots, such as half sections or quarter sections.
What are TOWNSHIPS
700
A negative aspect of the Columbian Exchange
What is the dicemination of indigenous populations by EXPOSURE TO DISEASE
700
This region benefitted the most from the GREEN REVOLUTION
What is SOUTH ASIA
700
During the GREEN REVOLUTION, the use of this resulted in potentially hazardous runoff into streams, rivers, and lakes, which posed serious consequences to the local ecosystems, habitats, and communities.
What are the use of CHEMICALS
700
Dairy cattle, forest, grain, beef cattle. This is a list of products in the order in which they will be produced, starting closest to the market, according to this.
What is the VON THUNEN model?
700
Cocoa production is highest in these countries.
What are PERIPHERY AND SEMIPERIPHERY
700
This concept is demonstrated in the picture above.
What is the use of TERRACE FARMING
700
The United States, Brazil, and Argentina use these most widely in agriculture.
What are GMOs
700
This is the main reason that female farmers in periphery countries are not as productive as male farmers.
What are GENDER INEQUALITIES. They prevent female farmers from access to the same resources as male farmers.
800
A meal that includes olives, pita bread, cheese, figs, lamb, and wine is most associated with this country.
What is GREECE
800
The most important identifier of the Public Land Survey System in this image.
What are the SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR FIELDS
800
Rice and Beans are very common ingredients used in Latin American cuisine today. Rice diffused from this location and due to colonialism, it spread to Latin America.
What is EUROPE
800
An increase in available food supplies was the greatest impact of this.
What is the SECOND AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
800
THE GREEN REVOLUTION saw these people being further marginalized and their role limited within many societies because men owned the land, had access to financial resources, and were educated on newer methods of farming.
Who are THE WOMEN
800
Chocolate consumption is greatest in these countries
What are CORE COUNTRIES
800
This is a major concern related to the practice of Terrace Farming.
What is the MAINTENANCE OF THE FIELDS
800
This type of agriculture is often used in areas that have soil that lacks sufficient nitrogen to grow food crops quickly.
What is SLASH-AND-BURN AGRICULTURE
900
This is a diagram of this rural settlement pattern.
What is a LINEAR SETTLEMENT PATTERN
900
This is a diagram of this rural settlement pattern.
What is a DISPERSED SETTLEMENT PATTERN
900
What is a CLUSTERED OR NUCLEATED SETTLEMENT PATTERN
900
Between 1961-2011, these techniques worked better in Asia than in Africa.
What are THE GREEN REVOLUTION TECHNIQUES
900
During the Green Revolution, farmers in these areas had unequal access to the new technologies because of the high cost of machinery.
What are DEVELOPING OR PERIPHERAL COUNTRIES
900
More farmland in some places but more desertification in others is a result of this.
What is DEFORESTATION
900
This graph indicates that the yields increase and farm profits increase even more because they are farming with these.
What are GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS
1000
The increased mechanization of farming is a characteristic of this revolution
What is the SECOND AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
1000
Regarding agriculture today, while the productivity of land is increasing, there are growing concerns about this.
What is SUSTAINABILITY