maps and spatial patterns
what do clustered and dispersed mean?
clustered- when objects in an area are close together
dispersed- If objects are relatively far apart
define geospatial technologies
technologies that use hardware or software to examine and measure geographical features on earth.
define human-environmental interaction
the study of how humans interact with their environment
define the difference between large and small-scale
a small-scale map covers a larger geographic region such as the world; whereas, a large-scale map covers a relatively small geographic area like a city or block.
Which of the following statements best explains the concept of sustainability?
ResponsesA) Natural resources are the domain of humans because of the ability of humans to take appropriate action for their use without fear of resource depletion.
B) Natural resources should be used until they become too scarce or too expensive because of the immediate need for human survival.
C) Natural resource use should be balanced with the needs of the environment and future generations because many resources are nonrenewable.
D) Natural resources will be replaced by technological goods because of concerns that all natural resources will become obsolete within the next generation.
E) Natural resource use should generate economic profits because of the new technologies that make procuring the resources cost effective.
C) Natural resource use should be balanced with the needs of the environment and future generations because many resources are nonrenewable.
what is the difference between thematic and reference maps
reference maps major in displaying geographic locations, the purpose of thematic maps is to display geographic information.
or
While reference maps emphasize the location of geographic features, thematic maps are more concerned with how things are distributed across space
define absolute location, relative location, space, and flows.
absolute location- the precise geographical coordinates of a particular place on the earth's surface.
relative location- the distance of a place in comparison to another place with distance or time.
space- physical characteristics of a location mathematically
flows- describe patterns of spatial interactions between different locations.
give an example of a renewable and nonrenewable resource
renewable- solar, etc.
nonrenewable- fossil fuels, etc.
name 4 types of levels of scales
global, regional, national, and local
In 1854, London physician Dr. John Snow mapped the spatial relationship between deaths from the waterborne disease cholera and the locations of water pumps which brought in water directly from tunnels connected to the River Thames. From Snow’s research it was determined that a public water pump had been contaminated by sewage.
What geographic principle explains the significance of Snow’s research?
ResponsesA) As cities remove natural resources from the landscape, those resources become insignificant.
B) Even in areas of urban land use, there is a significant relationship between nature and society.
C) Once water enters an area of urban land use, that water is no longer considered a natural resource.
D) The prosperity of a society is determined by environmental factors, such as the availability of natural resources.
E) Societies leave a cultural imprint on the land, such as the pattern of streets and water systems.
B) Even in areas of urban land use, there is a significant relationship between nature and society.
describe absolute distance, relative distance, absolute direction, and relative direction
absolute distance- an exact measurement of the separation between two points using a standard such as inches, feet, or miles.
relative distance- a measure of social, cultural, or political differences or similarities between two locations.
Absolute direction- indicates north, south, ease, or west.
relative direction- Describes the location of one place in relation to another.
define distance decay, time-space compression, and list 3 types of patterns.
distance decay- the further apart two things are, the less connected they will be.
time-space compression- refers to the decreased distance between places measured by the time or cost it takes to travel between them.
or
the way that the world is seemingly getting smaller, or compressing, as a result of increased transport, communications, and capitalist processes.
three types of patterns- linear, dispersed, and random
what is sustainability
the preservation of non renewable sources
what is a region
a region is some geographical unit that shares some unifying principle. can be cultural, like a shared language, economic, like a treaty that binds states together into an economic unit, a pattern or activity like farming, or anything else that helps bind people together.
Which of the following terms best describes the suburban area of Illinois where many residents commute to Chicago?
ResponsesA) Perceptual region
B) Functional region
C) Formal region
D) Conformal region
E) Equal area region
B) Functional region
define Mercator projection, peters projection, polar projection, Goode homolosine, and Robinson projection
Mercator projection- longitude and latitude meet at right angles. This shows true direction and is useful for navigation.
Peter projection- challenges the Eurocentric Mercator projection by depicting continents according to the true size of their land. has wonky shapes for continents'
polar projection- views the world from the north or south pole. direction is true but is distorted towards the edges.
Robinson projection- A compromise between Peters and Mercator map projections. distributes distortion equally
Goode homolosine-shape of land masses are
accurate but breaks up oceans.
define geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, and Global Positioning System (GPS)
geographic information systems (GIS)- software that can manipulate geospatial data that can be used for research or problem solving finding answers to research-based problems.
remote sensing- A method of data collection that gathers information about geographic locations through satellite imagery which can help visualize population patterns and other geospatial information.
Global Positioning System (GPS)- uses data from satellites to pin-point a location on earth and help people find their way to a destination
define land use and cultural landscape
land-use: how human beings use and modify the land on which they live
cultural landscape: how the built environment reflects the values and culture of the people who built it.
define 3 types of regions and explain them
formal region- uniform or homogeneous areas where everyone in that region shares common attributes or traits like language, climate or political system
functional region- an area centered on a node, focal point, or central hub surrounded by interconnecting linkages. The primary node in a functional region features surrounding areas with common social, political, or economic purposes that relate to trade, communications, or transportation.
perceptual region- a region that exists only in the minds of people. It is not a formal boundary, nor is it perceived uniformly by each person.
In his book My Tears Spoiled My Aim, John Shelton Reed explains the difficulty of defining the American South.
“Where is the South? . . . The South is, to begin with, a concept—and a shared one. It’s an idea that people can talk about, think about, use to orient themselves and each other. People know whether they’re in it or not.”
Based on Reed’s explanation, the South is best described as which kind of region?
ResponsesA) Functional
B) Formal
C) Vernacular
D) Peripheral
E) Linguistic
C) Vernacular
name the types of reference and thematic maps and define each
reference- specific locations
road map- location of roads
topographical map- shows elevation
political map- shows states, countries, provinces, etc.
thematic maps- portray the geographic pattern of a particular subject matter (theme) in a geographic area
choropleth map- visualizes data with different colors
dot distribution map- uses dots to visualize the location of certain points
graduated symbol map- uses the size of symbols to visualize data
isoline map- uses lines to depict data
cartogram- distorts the size of geographic places to display differences in data.
define quantitative data, qualitative data, and census data and give examples
quantitative data- numbers based
ex. "there are 100 houses on this street" , " 8 million people live there" etc.
qualitative data- descriptive and language based
ex. "this community feels unsatisfied with traffic in their area" etc.
census data- a process of collecting, compiling, and publishing data about the population and housing of a country or region
ex. collecting data about the place of residence, race, gender, and income of a community.
what are two environmental theories and explain them
environmental determinism- argues that the physical environment determines how people's culture develops.
possibilism- argues that humans are the driving force in shaping their culture. whatever environment people find themselves in offers many different possibilities for developing a culture. for cultures with access to many technologies, environment plays less of a role in how their culture is formed.
what is the point of scales of analysis
to draw different conclusions based on different sizes of data sets.
For centuries, sugar crystals were made from the evaporated juice of sugarcane, a plant grown only in tropical and subtropical climates. In the 1800s, industrial methods were developed to manufacture crystalline sugar from sugar beets. This allowed for large amounts of sugar to be produced in colder, temperate climate zones.
Which of the following geographic concepts best explains the ability of humans to use technology to overcome the limitations of climate and modify the landscape?
ResponsesA) Environmental determinism
B) Possibilism
C) Cultural relativism
D) Contagious diffusion
E) Political ecology
B) Possibilism