Chapter 9
Define what a consequent boundary is.
A consequent boundary is a type of subsequent boundary that takes into account the different cultural landscapes within an area.
Defind devolution.
Devolution is the transfer of power from a central government to more regional governments.
Define economies of scale.
Economies of scale is the ability to produce more goods or services for lower average production costs.
Describe farm subsidies and their purpose.
Farm subsidies refer to aid or insurance given to farmers by the government. They are intended to help farmers with rising costs of production and ensure a steady supply of products.
List at least three negative environmental impacts of agricultural practices.
Possible answers include pollution, soil salinization, desertification, groundwater saturation, and deforestation.
Explain the difference between colonialism and imperialism.
Imperialism is when countries exercise force or influence to control an area, while colonialism is when countries claim and dominate another area.
Explain the difference between a unitary and federal government.
A unitary government has a single central governing body, while a federal government distributes power between one central and many regional governments.
Define irredentism.
Irredentism is the movement by which a nation seeks to unify its members across several states.
Compare subsistence and commercial agriculture.
Subsistence farmers produce crops and raise animals to feed their families or local communities, while comercial farmers produce crops and raise animals to sell on the market for profit.
According to Von Thunen's Model, what agricultural products would be produced closest to the CBD? What about farthest from the CBD?
Dairy, produce, and trees would be produced closest to the CBD and grains an livestock would be produced farthest from the CBD.
Identify what type of boundary the following real-world examples represent.
1. Many boundaries in Europe
2. East and West Germany
3. Most states in the western U.S.
1. Subsequent
2. Relic
3. Geometric
Explain how the census affects redistricting.
The census collects official population information, which means that voting districts must be redrawn to accurately represent how many people live in an area. The redrawing of these lines is called redistricting.
List at least three benefits of supranational organizations.
Possible answers include economic development, alliances, peace, security, and government organization.
List the key idea of the First, Second, and Third Agricultural Revolutions.
First: transition from foraging to domestication
Second: mechanical inventions increased efficiency
Third: GMOs, electricity, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides further increased production (also the Green Revolution)
Describe why a country dependent on one crop (commodity dependency) has a less stable economy.
If demand for that crop declines, or if storms, drought, or extreme temperatures cause crop failure, the country's economy will significantly suffer because it relies almost entirely on that one crop.
List at least three impacts of colonialism and imperialism.
Possible answers include increased diffusion, historical migrations, commodity dependencies, trade imbalances, and increased conflict.
Describe what type of country is more likely to have a unitary or federal government.
Unitary: small, homogenous states
Federal: large, diverse states
Summarize the BREXIT campaign and include the benefits for Britain of leaving the EU and of staying in the EU.
BREXIT refers to the UK's withdrawal from the EU. A benefit of leaving the EU for Britain was an increase I national sovereignty. A benefit of staying in the EU was economic protection and stability.
List the three key survey methods and describe them.
Metes and bounds: relies on key geographic features (bounds) and borders that connect them (metes)
Long lots: divides land into narrow parcels where each lot has access to a main transportation route or river
Township and range: uses latitude and longitude to make a grid-like pattern
List at least three ways in which the Von Thunen Model is no longer applicable in most modern areas.
Possible answers include:
- Most cities have several CBDs
- States are heavily interconnected
- Modern technology has altered agricultural practices
- There are more available forms of transportation
Explain the purpose of the Berlin Conference and its long-term effects on Africa.
The purpose of the Berlin Conference was to define the boundaries between areas conquered by different European empires. This affected Africa in the long-term because the superimposed boundaries didn't account for cultural differences between the pre-existing nations, causing border disputes that continue to this day.
List a pro and con of having a unitary government and a federal government.
Unitary
Pros: efficiency and a strong national identity
Cons: may overlook local needs or minorities
Federal
Pros: supports local needs and minorities
Cons: less efficient, more conflict, and a higher chance of devolution
List one cultural, environmental, and economic factor that can cause devolution.
Possible answers for cultural factors include diversity or cultural groups that remain disconnected from the state's culture.
Possible answers for environmental factors include a state with a large geographic area or isolated populations.
Possible economic factors include uneven economic development and an inability to provide all citizens with opportunity.
List a positive and negative effect of monoculture.
A positive effect of monoculture is that it is simple and efficient. A negative effect of monoculture is that is high-stakes for farmers and can cause soil exhaustion.
Describe how giving women in agriculture equal rights would decrease global hunger.
Giving women equal access to land rights and technology would benefit agricultural production because it would allow them to produce crops more efficiently. This would significantly increase food production levels in periphery countries, decreasing world hunger levels.