Cell anatomy
What is the combination of carbohydrates and lipids and proteins on the outer surface
The glycocalyx
How are membrane potentials generate in the cell.
•An electrical charge difference across the plasma membrane that results from the cell’s regulation of ion movement into and out of the cell.
–There are more positively charged ions along the outside of the plasma membrane, giving it a positive charge.
What are the three forms of carrier proteins
–Uniporters – moves one particle
–Symporters – move two particles in the same direction at the same time
–Antiporters – move two particles in opposite directions at the same time
What is attached to the G protein complex when it is not interacting with a receptor protein?
GDP attached to alpha complex
What is the site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
What allows cell to identify one another or other molecules
glycoproteins or glycolipids
Describe the difference between integral (intrinsic) vs peripheral (extrinsic) membrane proteins
•Integral or intrinsic
–Extend deeply into membrane, often extending from one surface to the other
–Can form channels through the membrane
•Peripheral or extrinsic
–Attached to integral proteins at either the inner or outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer
ATP powered pumps have binding sites for specific ions or molecules AND ATP. Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP releases energy to change the shape of the carrier to move the substance across the membrane. After this occurs, what needs to happen to return the pump to it's original shape?
1.The ion and phosphate are released and the pump resumes its original shape.
What catalyzes reactions?
Enzymes
During cell division, what happens to chromatin?
Chromatin is associated with histones to form a nucleosome. During cell division, chromatin condenses into compact chromosomes.
What are the two types of gated ion channels
ligand gated and voltage-gated
What structure allow cells to identify one another or other molecules? ex: recognition of oocyte by sperm cell
Glycoproteins or glycolipids
Describe how ligands display specificity
•Ligand can attach only to cells with that specific receptor.
Binding site has to match with
What is the primary extracellular ion.
Sodium Na+
Where does transcription and translation occur?
transcription in nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm.
Where are the ribosomes in the cell
free floating in the cytoplasm and on the rER
What is the function of integrins
•Cadherins – attach cells to other cells.
•Integrins – function in pairs to attach to extracellular molecules.
–Sometimes allow communication due to contact with intracellular molecules.
In ligand-gated sodium channels, what molecule must bind to open the channel for Na+ to flow into the cell
acetylcholine
In a hypertonic solution, does the cell shrink or rupture?
tRNA _____ match with mRNA _____ and the rRNA catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between AA at the opposite end of the tRNA
1. anticodons
2. codons
What organelle give the rER it's rough look?
Ribosomes
What are the two types of gated ion channels?
–Ligand gated ion channel: open in response to small molecules that bind to proteins or glycoproteins
–Voltage-gated ion channel: open when there is a change in charge across the plasma membrane
What three proteins does the G protein complex consist of?
•: alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ).
What three ways can an alpha subunit stimulate a cellular response?
1. intracellular chemical signals
2. opening ion channels
3. activating enzymes associated with the plasma membrane
In transcription, where does RNA polymerase bind?
1.R N A polymerase binds at a promoter region utilizing transcription factors.
2.R N A polymerase catalyzes the formation of a m R N A chain using the D N A as a template and following the rules of complimentary base pairing.
•A with U.
•C with G.
•Transcription ends at a terminator sequence and the R N A is released.