A&P biases & applications
May be relatively cheap and quick for the patient, and efficient for certain diagnosis, but causes radiation exposure and produces an image with overlapping structures.
What is an X-ray scan?
A by-product of cellular respiration. Its concentration is monitored closely due to its tendency to react with water and form carbonic acid. It is thus a major stimulus for breathing.
What is CO2 (carbon dioxide)?
Contains a general structure of: central carbon attached to a hydrogen, an amino group, a carboxylic acid (COOH), and an R group (varies). These cannot be made by the body and instead must be obtained in the diet.
What are essential amino acids?
The organ system that is mostly responsible for fast communication between cells/organ systems in the body by using electrical currents & chemical messengers.
What is the nervous system?
The plasma membrane of animal cells contains this bilayer that is made of hydrophilic heads facing the outside world and the inside of the cell, but also has lipid hydrophobic tails attached to each head that point toward one another - creating a hydrophobic layer in between the hydrophilic heads.
What is the phospholipid bilayer?
Takes several minutes of the patient lying very still in the machine, but produces a clear image (including soft tissues) using strong magnetic fields and radio waves.
What is an Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machine?
Major component of body, making up ~67% of body weight. It is a very effective solvent. Plays an active role in several chemical reactions in the body. Is made with covalent bonds within the molecule, but can form hydrogen bonds between other molecules, including others of its own kind. Changes temperature relatively slow.
What is H2O (water)?
made up of many amino acids linked together via peptide bonds. The functions of these range from immunity, to communication, to structural uses/expressions.
What are proteins?
These are reusable types of proteins that are used in speeding up biological processes (catalysts). These may also be involved in cell communication. They are typically very specific to the substrate they can bind, and some even require co-factors to be present before they are able to be activated.
What are enzymes?
This double-stranded genetic material is contained within the nucleus of animal cells.
What is DNA?
Dr. Watson is wanting to monitor the brain's metabolic activity of his patient while under using a particular scan discussed in class: ____
What is Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan?
The purpose of breathing in oxygen (O2)
What is cellular respiration to make ATP in the mitochondria?
A hydrophobic molecule that consists of C, H, and O atoms. contains a COOH acid. This version in particular consists of a single C=C double bonds.
what is a mono-unsaturated fattyacid?
Defines the ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal condition (in terms of body temp, blood pressure, glucose levels, water balance, pH, etc.). A failure to maintain this is often attributed to disease
What is Homeostasis?
This organelle in eukaryotes contains smooth and rough portions (sarcoplasmic is muscle cells). The smooth portion is most responsible in the making of lipids and steroid hormones, and participating in detoxification of the cell. The rough portion tends to contain many ribosomes and is attributed to the production of proteins.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
Studying the anatomy & physiology of the deceased who died in an unhealthy/stressed state and thus are likely to be different from a "healthy/normal" body
What is an issue with studying the anatomy of cadavers? (bias in anatomy)
Compounds bound together because of their opposing charges. Tend to dissociate in water to form ions (cation & anion). Play important roles in muscle contraction, nerve cell function, bone strength, & H2O balance.
What is salts?
a hydrophilic molecule consisting of C,H,O atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio. Major short-term source of energy for the body. Makes up the bulk of mucus and gels that hold cells together.
What are carbohydrates?
The 3 major parts generally involved in a negative feedback system (used to maintain homeostasis)
2) integrator
3) effectors
This organelle is typically attributed to the packaging of molecules (specifically proteins) made from the cell that are to then be delivered around or out of the cell.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Taking a tissue culture from a person (removing the cells from the person's body) and then studying how those cells react in a particular solution under the microscope. Why might this be an issue?
What is the issues with studying the physiology of cells outside of their usual environment? (biasis in physiology)
A gas that can be released from nerve cells to act as messengers. It is also a vasodilator -- relaxing the smooth muscle of blood vessels are allowing them to dilate.
What is nitric oxide (NO)?
Cells can't use glucose directly, so instead they convert it into this for energy. Consists of a nitrogenous base, a sugar(ribose), and a tri-phosphate group.
What is ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?
This is released (normally) from the pancreas when glucose levels drop in the blood. It stimulate muscles and the liver to convert glycogen into glucose for energy.
What is glucagon?
This process is a part of the overall production of ATP via aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria and is the site of oxidative phosphorylation that produces the most ATP of any step in aerobic respiration.
What is the electron transport chain?