Respiratory
This is the volume that you breathe in and out at rest.
What is tidal volume?
This is a measurement of how much blood is filtered by the glomerulus.
What is GFR (glomerular filtration rate)?
These are the two digestive enzymes produced in the mouth.
What are lingual lipase and salivary amylase?
This is where the citric acid cycle takes place.
What is the mitochondrial matrix?
This structure is shared by the digestive and respiratory system.
What is the pharynx?
Food or water that enters this structure will trigger a coughing episode to help expel the food/liquid.
What is the larynx?
Glucose is reabsorbed in this segment of the nephron.
What is the proximal convoluted tubule?
If this sphincter does not stay properly closed, a person could experience heartburn or acid reflux.
What is the lower esophageal sphincter?
This molecule is the universal energy currency of the cell; catabolism releases energy to produce it, while anabolism consumes it to build complex macromolecules.
What is ATP?
This structure is shared by the male reproductive and urinary systems.
What is the urethra?
The contraction of this muscle is responsible for most of the lung volume increase that causes inhalation.
What is the diaphragm?
This segment of the nephron loop is permeable to water but not ions.
What is the descending thin limb?
These three gastric cell types line the stomach: one secretes pepsinogen, one secretes HCl and intrinsic factor, and one produces mucus to protect the stomach lining.
What are chief cells, parietal cells, and mucous cells?
Fermentation in human cells creates this byproduct.
What is lactic acid? (or lactate)
This is a process that occurs in parietal cells and red blood cells. It allows the cells to export bicarbonate ions.
What is the chloride shift?
An increase in this metabolic byproduct of RBCs causes the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift to the right.
What is BPG?
When plasma glucose exceeds this concentration, the Na⁺-glucose cotransporters in the PCT become saturated and glucose begins appearing in the urine.
What is renal threshold?
Unlike amino acids and monosaccharides, digested lipids are packaged into these particles, absorbed into lacteals, and enter the lymphatic system rather than the hepatic portal blood.
What are chylomicrons?
During the post-absorptive state, this process occurs in the liver and muscle cells to release glucose into the bloodstream.
What is glycogenolysis?
Both glucose and glycerol (from triglycerides) are converted to this molecule to feed into later stages of cellular respiration.
What is pyruvate?
Pulmonary fibrosis stiffens the lungs, impairing exhalation by destroying this property: the lungs' natural tendency to spring back after inspiration.
What is elastic recoil?
This hormone is released when plasma osmolarity rises or blood pressure drops; it inserts aquaporins into the DCT and collecting duct to enable facultative water reabsorption.
What is ADH?
Released by the duodenum when fat and protein arrive, this hormone simultaneously signals the gallbladder to contract and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes.
What is CCK?
During the absorptive phase, insulin promotes this dominant class of metabolic reactions - including glycogenesis in the liver, lipogenesis in adipose tissue, and protein synthesis in muscle
What is anabolism?
This is the most abundant organic waste excreted in the urine. It is produced from a byproduct of amino acid metabolism.
What is urea?