Ear- hearing
The cochlear nerve and vestibular nerve merge together to form what?
The vestibulocochlear nerve
What are the two types of equilibrium?
Static equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium
How many lines of defense are there, what are they, and what do they entail?
Three
1. First line of defense- contains surface barriers such as skin and mucus membranes
2. Second line of defense- contains cells like leukocytes. This line of defense also consists of inflammation and fever.
3. Third line of defense- provides future protection against pathogens since there has been a prior exposure to a pathogen.
DAILY DOUBLE!!
Name the types of mucus membranes that we have discussed in class and give the functions of them.
1. Mucus- traps pathogens
2. Cilia- Mucociliary escalator
3. Lacrimal gland- secretes lacrimal fluid that washes over the eyes which physically moves bacteria off the surface of the eyes.
4. Saliva- washes away pathogens in the mouth
5. Gastric juice- made up of enzymes, HCl, and other molecules
6. Acidic vaginal secretions- deters the growth of pathogens
Within the antibody-mediated immunity, there are two different effector cells. What are they and what are their functions?
1. Plasma B-cells: secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins)
2. Memory B-cells: involved in antigen recognition on subsequent exposures
Define loudness and tone?
Loudness- intensity, amplitude; taller soundwaves
Tone- pitch; frequency of waves
This equilibrium has to do with linear acceleration and deceleration
As in shaking your head yes and no
Static equilibrium
First and second line of defense together is called what?
Third line of defense is called what?
First and second: Natural defense, innate, non-specific, genetic.
Third: Acquired immunity, adaptive, specific.
Give the three types of cellular defenses.
Extra points for stating the cells that complete these defenses.
1. Granulocytes and agranulocytes- granulocytes: contain various molecules. agranulocytes: without various molecules.
2. Phagocytes- Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells
3. Lymphocytes- Natural killer cells, b-cells, and t-cells
What is the function of antibodies as a whole?
Antibodies bind to the antigen, they tag for destruction by immune cells.
DAILY DOUBLE!!
Name at least six of the main step in the physiology of hearing.
Sound waves are directed into the external auditory canal.
Soundwaves hit the tympanic membrane and cause movement of the ossicles.
The stapes pushes on the oval window creating pressure waves in the perilymph.
The pressure waves of perilymph cause pressure waves of endolymph.
The pressure waves of endolymph move the basilar membrane.
Movement of basilar membrane cause the stereocilia of the hair cell to come into contact with the tectorial membrane and bend.
The bending opens up mechanically gated ion channels.
Potassium and calcium flow into the hair cell; this results in a receptor potential in the hair cell.
Hair cell then releases a neurotransmitter (glutamate)
Neurotransmitter activates action potential in spiral ganglion cells.
Axons of spiral ganglion cells carry nerve impulse to the brain.
This equilibrium has to do with rotational acceleration and deceleration.
The semicircular canals function in this equilibrium.
Dynamic equilibrium
What are the functions of inflammation?
1. Limit spread of pathogens
2. Phagocyte mobilization- brings in cells, like macrophages, to dispose of cell debris and pathogens
3. Sets stage for tissue repair- brings in molecules that will help with tissue repair
State the process of phagocytosis.
Extra points for stating the function of each step.
1. Find- follows a chemical trail to the pathogen
2. Adhere- recognize molecular patterns on the surface of pathogens. Has to attach to the molecules.
3. Ingest- undergoes the process of endocytosis
4. Digest- destroy/dissolve pathogen
Name the five classes of antibodies and their functions individually.
1. IgG- most abundant in the body and can cross the placenta
2. IgA- mainly found in saliva, tears, mucus, and breast milk
3. IgM- found on the surface of b-cells
4. IgE- most often associated with allergic reactions
5. IgD- also found on the surface on b-cells
Name the types of reflexes that occur in the inferior and superior colliculi.
inferior colliculi- sound reflexes
superior colliculi- startle reflex
When it comes to deafness there are two types, what are those two types?
Extra points for explaining them.
Conduction- anything that hampers the soundwaves coming into the ear
Sensioneural- problem with the neurons
What are the functions of a fever (pyrexia)?
1. Stimulates WBC proliferation- creates more WBC
2. Kills pathogens directly- increases the environmental temperature above the optimum for the pathogen
3. Increases tissue repair: an increase in temperature causes the increase in chemical reactions
What are the two properties of acquired immunity that distinguish it from natural resistance?
1. Specificity- lymphocytes and antibodies only bind to a certain type
2. Memory- antigen recognition on subsequent exposures
Explain the primary immune response.
Is the FIRST exposure to a pathogen.
Antigen is present. This causes the activation of t-cell and b-cells. This leads to the differentiation of the effector cells and then the proliferation of the effector cells.
Takes 4 - 5 days
Describe the pathway to the brain.
1. cochlear nerve
2. vestibulocochlear nerve
3. cochlear nuclei of the medulla (brain stem)
4. midbrain: the inferior or superior colliculi
5. auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
Name the conditions associated with equilibrium and hearing.
Vestibular nystagmus- reflex movements of the eye
Deafness- two types: conduction and sensioneural
Tinnitus- ringing in the ears
Motion sickness- sensory motion: miscommunication between the eyes and the inner ear
Vertigo- dizziness
Name the four different molecular defenses that our immune system uses and explain how they work.
1. Interferon- is released by an infected cell to the surrounding cells. The interferon "tells" the cells that there is a threat and to produce an anti-viral protein.
2. Completment- enhance phagocytosis, lyse pathogens directly, intensify inflammation
3. Iron-binding proteins- binds with iron so we don't have free-floating iron
4. Defensins- a type of defensins: neutrophil granules
Within the cell-mediated immunity, there are three different effector cells. What are they and what are their functions?
1. Helper T-cells: release cytokines to help activate other immune cells
2. Cytotoxic T-cells: involved in the active killing of pathogens
3. Memory T-cells: recognize and binds to specific proteins/antigens on subsequent exposures
Explain the secondary immune response.
Is the response to any subsequent exposure.
Do not go through the activation again.
Memory t-cell and b-cells recognize and bind to antigen/pathogen. This causes automatic differentiation and proliferation.
Since effector cells are created so quickly, we usually don't even know we've been exposed.